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| A heritable feature that varies among individuals (ex; flower color) |
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| produce only the same variety as the parent plant |
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| The mating or crossing of two true-breeding varieties |
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| 4th part of Mendel's model; states that the two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes |
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| heterozygous for one particular character being followed in a testcross |
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| individuals heterozygous for the two characters being followed in the cross (ex: YyRr) |
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| Law of Independent Assortment |
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| states that two or more genes assort independently; each pair of alleles segregates indepedently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies only to genes located on different chromosomes or very far apart on same |
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| multiply the probability of one event by the probability of another |
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| the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilities |
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| a gene's possession of multiple phenotypic affects (ex: cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell; two areas of color on a pea plant) |
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| when the phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus |
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| when the characters vary in the population in gradations along a continuum (ex: ski color/ height) |
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| the additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character (converse of pleiotropy) |
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| many factors, both environmental and genetic, collectively influence phenotype |
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| a tree diagram that describes the traits of parents and children across the generations |
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| Chromosome Theory of Inheritance |
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| Mendelian genes have specific loci along chromosomes and its the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment |
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| gene located on either sex chromosome |
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| 1,100 genes on the human X chromosome |
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| the compact object into which the inactive X in each cell of a female condenses; lies along the inside of the nuclear envelope |
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| the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either P generation parent |
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| the offspring that inherit a phenotype which matches either of the parental phenotypes |
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| the offspring that have new combinations of alleles and present new phenotypes |
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| a process that breaks the physical connection between specific genes on the same chromosome; set of proteins orchestrates an exchange of corresponding segments of one maternal and one paternal chromatid; trade places |
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| an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome |
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| a genetic map based o recombination frequencies |
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| the unit used to express the distances between genes |
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| locate genes with respect to chromosomal features, such as stained bands, that can be seen in the microscope |
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| members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart (or sister chromatids in meiosis II) |
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| having an abnormal number of a particular chromosome |
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| having more than two complete chromosome sets in all somatic cells (3n or 4n) |
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| chromosomal fragment is lost |
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| when a deleted fragment becomes attached as an extra segment to a sister chromatid |
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| when a chromosomal fragment reattaches to the original chromosome in the reverse orientation |
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| a fragment joins a nonhomologous chromosome |
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