Controls where things move inside of the cell.

"Directors of Transportation"

Carbohydrates [sugar],

Glycoprotiens,

and Nucleic Acid are all:

1. Specific

2. Low energy activation

3. Effective in small quantities

4. Reversible

5. Reusable

6. Regulate Metabolism

7. Protein

Structural

Functional

[Characteristics of Enzymes]

Specific means:

Releases energy in the form of ATP that can be used by the cell.

Site of respiration.

When the membranes invaginate,

and a piece of membrane pinches off  (a vessicle),

these can carry the garbage to the edge of the cell.

1. Support

2. Maintains Shape of the cell

3. Provides a means of locomotion

    (Movement of the cell organelles)

1. Microtubules

2. Microfilaments

3. Intermediate filaments

Hollow structure.

Function in the movement of chromosomes and cell division.

Have actin, so they can contract and expand.

Not hollow.

Provide structural material for the cell to keep its shape.

Smaller than microtubules,

larger than microfilaments.

1. Phagocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
3. Receptor-Mediated

The breaking down of glucose into a form that can be respired.

The burning of glucose.

1. Glucose

2. Oxygen

3. Water

4. ATP

1. Carbon Dioxide

2. Water

3. ATP

4. Heat

Osmosis and Plasmolysis

occur through a

differentially permeable membrane.

What is the difference between:

Diffusion   |   Osmosis & Plasmolysis

1. Cell division

2. Cell enlargement

3. Cell specialization

[Phase]

• Chromatids/Chromosomes become visible
• Nuclear Membrane disappears
• Nucleoli disappear

[Phase]

Centromeres line up precisely, with the arms of the sister chromatids trailing off in random directions.

[Phase]

• Genetic material separates.
• Pairs of chromatids move apart in Phase I.

[Phase]

Cytokenesis

How many daughter cells produced in

Meiosis?

How many daughter cells produced in

Mitosis?

How many series of phases in

Meiosis?

How many series of phases in

Mitosis & Cytokenesis?

 - Heat
- CO2
- H2O
- ATP

Anabolism

Catabolism

The building up process in the animal cell.

The building up of protoplasm, cytoplasm, and the nucleus.

Digestion

Respiration

1. Glycolosis

2. Kreb's Cycle

3. Oxidative Phosphorylation

4. Terminal Oxidation

[Respiration]

Removes some Hydrogen from the Glucose

to a hydrogen-accepting molecule.

[Respiration]

Removes the rest of the Hydrogen

from the pyruvic acid

to a Hydrogen-accepting molecule.

[Respiration]

Adds phosphorous.

[Respiration]

Picks up Hydrogen from acceptor molecules

(clears them).

Adds oxygen.

Makes H2O.

Carriers

Regulatory

The enzymes that:

- Speed up/Slow down chemical reactions

- Are reusable

- Keep balance

Gap 1

Synthetic Phase

Gap 2

• The phase in which chromatin become chromosomes.
• Then chromosomes become chromatids.
• The nuclear membrane breaks down, so DNA can come out.

Which Phase?

The chromatids line up on the metaphase plate.

Which Phase?

The chromatids on the metaphase plate separate.

Which Phase?

Invagination of the plasma membrane.

The chromosomes lengthen and look like a pile.

Which Phase?

Nuclear Membrane begins to form.

Which Phase?

Chromosomes lengthen so much that they look like dots.

Nucleolis forms again.

New cells = Half the size of parent cells.

1. Proteinsynthesis
2. Secretion
3. Storage of protein

Important in enzyme synthesis.

Secretes enzymes (regulatory proteins)

Involved in Balance.

Facilitates cellular communication and channelling of materials.

These modify carbohydrates that are then attached to proteins.

(carbo-proteins)

These assemble complex polysaccharides (complex sugar),

which collect vesicles that migrate to the plasma membrane.

RNA

Protein

The Nucleolus

consist of ___ and ___.

These parts of the nucleus carry multiple copies of genetic information

to synthesize or manufacture RNA.

Diploid

Haploid

Meiosis:

Parent cell = ___

Daughter cell = ___

Mitosis:

Parent cell = ___

Daughter cell = ___

[Phases of Cell Division]

chromatin, nuclear membrane, and nucleoli present

[Phases of Cell Division]

ribosomes, RNA, and substances that inhibit or stimulate the S period are produced

[Phases of Cell Division]

replication of DNA (S period)

[Phases of Cell Division]

nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear

[Phases of Cell Division]

first phase that chromatids and rod-shaped chromosomes can be observed.

[Phases of Cell Division]

genetic material on equatorial plane

[Phases of Cell Division]

genetic material moves to opposite poles

[Phases of Cell Division]

chromosomes become longer and thinner

[Phases of Cell Division]

nucleoli and nuclear membrane begin to reappear

[Phases of Cell Division]

cytokinesis begins with the cell plate development

[Phases of Cell Division]

Chromatin, nuclear membrane, and nucleoli present once again.

[Phases of Cell Division]

cells half the size of the parent cell

Which has a synapsis?

Mitosis & Cytokinesis, or Meiosis?

Meiosis

Mitosis

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic

Has a "true nucleus";

has a nuclear membrane around the nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Which has no membrane?

Diffusion, Osmosis, Plasmolysis

Influence cell shape.

Important for cell division.

Around centrioles.

Develop into Microtubular portions in which each new daughter cell is formed during cell division.

The location of the kinetochore.

A disc of proteins that binds with microtubules of the spindle during mitosis.