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| What organisms are composed of. Anything that tkaes up space and hass mass. In many forms each with its own characteristics |
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| Makes up matter. A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical means. About 92 |
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| Substance composed of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio, EX: CO2. It's characteristics are unique from those of its elements. |
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| About 25. Four make up 96% of living matter, C,H,O,N. Remaining 4% P,S,Ca and K are most of it. |
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| Required by living organisms in very small amounts. Such as Fe, I |
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| Makes up the elements. Each has it's own unique properties. It is the smallest unit of matter that will retain the properties of an element. |
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| Positive charge, located in the nucleus not directly involved in bonding, has mass of 1 |
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| In the nucleus, no charge, not involved in bonding, has mass of 1 |
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| Negative charge, not in the nucleus but in orbital shells outside the nucleus, directly related to bonding, has no mass |
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| Tells us the number of protons and electrons in an electrically neutral atom |
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| The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom |
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| Equal to the numer of protons and neutrons in an atom since each ways one Dalton |
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| Atoms of the same element but with different numbers of Neutrons. Usually all are stable |
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| When an atom of an element is unstable and the nucleus decays spontaneously putting out particles and energy. |
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| Uses for radioactive isotopes |
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| Thay have been used in Carbon dating of relics and they are used in the medical field as tracers |
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| The capacity to cause change or do work. |
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| Energy matter possesses because of its location or structure |
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| Different states of potential energy that electrons have in an atom |
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| 1st is closest to the nucleus and is the first to fill with electrons. Electrons can change the shell they occupy by absorbing or losing energy |
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| Determined by the electron configuration in an atoms energy shells |
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| Electrons in the outermost energy shell involved in bonding with other atoms |
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| Sharing of vlaence electrons by two atoms. |
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| Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
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| One pair of shared electrons |
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| Sharing of two pairs of electrons as happens with Oxygen to form O2 which is more stable than O |
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| The attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond. The more electronegative an atom is the more strongly it attracts the electron of a covalent bond |
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| A covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally because the atoms involved are equally electronegative |
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| When the atoms in a covalent bond are not equally electronegative and the electrons spend more time at one "end" of the molecule |
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| When the more electronegative atom strips an electron from another atom. Ex: NaCl where Na loses an electron to Cl and then they from a bond based on their respective charges |
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| What we call an atom that has gained or lost an electron, can be a cation or an anion |
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| An atom that loses an electron to take on a positive overall charge |
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| An atom that gains an electron in order to take on a negative charge |
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| Also called salts. Created with ionic bonds. Found in nature as crystals |
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| Hydrogen bonds and VanDerWaals Forces |
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| When a H atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom. Seen in water |
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| When even non-polar covalent bonded molecules develop spots of positive or negative chanrge which causes almost all molecules to be attracted to each each other to some degree. Weak and only occur when atoms or molecules are very close together |
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| Important biologically because it determines how biological molecules recognize and interact with each other |
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| The making and breaking of chemical bonds which leads to changes in the composition of matter |
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| The starting materials in a chemical reaction |
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| The results of the reactants in a chemical reaction undergoing chemical change during a reaction |
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| The point at which the reactions offset one another exactly. Reactions are still occuring but with no net effect. Happens in reversible reactions only |
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