Term
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Definition
| Combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition (Protists do this) |
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Term
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Definition
| comprising those eukaryotes that cannot be classified in any of the other kingdoms as fungi, animals, or plants. They are usually treated as the kingdom Protista or Protoctista. Protoctists (or protists) are a paraphyletic grade, rather than a natural, (monophyletic) group, and so do not have much in common besides a relatively simple organization -- either they are unicellular, or they are multicellular without highly specialized tissues. Essentially, the Kingdom Protista is comprised of organisms that cannot be classified into any other kingdom. |
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Term
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Definition
| The union of two gametes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protists form these resistant cells so that it can hibernate and survive harsh conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory that proposed that mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protists that lack mitochondiria, they have multiple flagella, a simple cytoskeleton and no plastids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flagella in protists, 9 outer flagella, 2 inner |
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Term
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Definition
| Seaweed body that is plant like, but lacks true roots, stems, and leaves |
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Term
| Alternation of Generations |
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Definition
| Alternations of multicellular haploid forms and multicellular diploid forms. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A haploid individual named for it's production of gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| Land plants that are non-vascular: they have tissues and enclosed reproductive systems, but they lack vascular tissue that circulates liquids. They neither flower nor produce seeds, reproducing via spores. Mostly Mosses. |
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Term
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Definition
| The term "pteridophyte" has traditionally been used to describe all seedless vascular plants, making it synonymous with "ferns and fern allies". |
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Term
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Definition
| The gymnosperms (Gymnospermae) are a group of spermatophyte seed-bearing plants with ovules on the edge or blade of an open sporophyll, the sporophylls usually arranged in cone-like structures. The other major group of seed-bearing plants, the angiosperms, have ovules enclosed in a carpel, a sporophyll with fused margins. Pine cones. |
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Term
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Definition
| The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms comprise the two extant groups of seed plants. The flowering plants are distinguished from other seed plants by a series of apomorphies, or derived characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| An algae that is very close to land plants. Shares rosette cellulose synthesizing complex, enzymes contained within the organelle called peroxisomes, flagellated sperm, and phragmoplasts, (an alignment of cytoskeleton and golgi-derived vesicles) with land plants. Different in that it doesn't xperience alternation of generations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants have these multicellular dependent embryos, and the placental transfer cells pass nutrients from parent cells to embryos. |
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Term
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Definition
| A reproductive cell that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another cell. Walled spores are produced in sporangia. The polymer known as sporopollenin, made out of the most durable organic material known, make plants very tough. |
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Term
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Definition
| A multicellular organ in a plant that produces the spore |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce the gametes within the cell. Female are called archegonia (makes one egg), male, antheridia, (makes sperm). |
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Term
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Definition
| Female reproductive organ in a plant, found in the gametangia. Makes one egg. |
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Term
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Definition
| Male reproductive in the cell, found in the gametangia. Makes sperm. |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer in plants consisting of polymers called polyester and waxes. These present water loss, Land plants evolved from water plants to include these. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pores found in the epidermis of leaves and other photosynthetic organs. Allows the passage of CO2 and H2O. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two types of materials that conduct materials in a plants vascular system. Xylem carries water, Phloem carries food. |
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Term
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Definition
| Land plants produce these unique molecules (Eg, alkaloids, terpenes, tannus) that humans have many medicinal uses for. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proposed name for a new version of the plant kingdom that includes the charophyceans as well as plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical found in plants that hardens the cell walls. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mature, gamete producing structure of bryophytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Delicate and colorless, they anchor bryophytes to the ground. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consist of a sporophyte embryo packaged along with a food supply |
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Term
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Definition
• No nuclei
• No membrane-bound organelles
• No cytoskeleton
• In contrast, eukaryotes have all of these |
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Term
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Definition
Triassic
Jurassic
Cretaceous |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Changes usually above the level of the species
Ex: appearance of feathers during the evolution of birds from one group of dinosaurs
*Speciation may fall within either category |
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Term
| Source of Prokaryotic divergence |
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Definition
-mutation
-resource
-other environments (eg temperature) |
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Term
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Definition
Fungi are earth’s main means of garbage disposal
oDecomposers
*Break down cellulose and lignin from plants that bacteria can’t
*Break down keratin
oContribute to the carbon cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
• Prokaryotic cells
• But: rRNA sequences more similar to eukarya
– Signature sequences
– But actual relationships confused by lateral
gene transfer
• Lateral gene transfer:
– Plasmids
– Viruses
– Uptake of DNA by transformation
Oldest cells |
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Term
| Prokaryotic Success and Reproduction |
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Definition
Reproduction
– Asexual: binary fission
– Sexual recombination
• Plasmids
Rapid generation time
• E. coli can clone once every 20 minutes
• 1-3 hours is common
Production of endospores
• Dormant stages
• (Bacillus anthracis) |
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Term
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Definition
Any features present in multiple species because they descended from a common ancestor.
A similarity between two or more structures that is due to inheritance from a common ancestor.
(Bones are homologous;wings are not) |
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Term
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Definition
– Obligate anaerobes: do not use oxygen in metabolism,and will be poisoned by presence of oxygen
– Aerotolerant anaerobes: can’t use oxygen but will notbe poisoned either
– Facultative anaerobes: can metabolize with or without the presence of oxygen. May be able to handle presence of oxygen or may change metabolic process
– Obligate aerobes: need oxygen for metabolism |
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Term
|
Definition
Monophyletic - descended froma single ancestor
Paraphyletic - a taxon group that includes some, but not all of the descendents of a common ancestor
polyphyletic - a group containing taxa that do not share a most recent common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
• Hairlike cilia
• Heterotroph
• Usually unicellular
• Two types of nuclei! |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What transports manufactured proteins out of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| Chloroplast contains what molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the passage of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of greater to less concentration |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 types of pollution |
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Definition
| Water, Air, Biochemical/Filth in Food, Noise & Light |
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Term
| What are bacteria and archaea |
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Definition
| prokaryotes (they have little internal complexity and no nucleus) |
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Term
| How did the planets early atmosphere change to include oxygen |
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Definition
| tiny cells using photsynthesis released oxygen as a byproduct |
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Term
| The Endoplasmic Reticulum serves two functions. What are they |
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Definition
1. It increases the surface area of the cell
2. It functions as the final attachment site for the ribosome, sometimes |
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Term
| What are the 6 steps to the Scientific Method? |
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Definition
1.Recognition of a problem
2.Observation
3.Formation of a hypothesis
4.Experimentation
5.Accept or reject hypothesis
6.Publish the data |
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Term
| Coacervates are early examples of |
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Definition
| Pre-Living cells, made up of amino acids, proteins and hydrocarbon chains |
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Term
| Jean Baptiste Camarck termed which two failed concepts |
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Definition
1. Use vs. Disuse
2. Inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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Term
|
Definition
| Disproved spontaneous generations using beef broth |
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Term
| A species all deriving from a common ancestor have over time successfully adapted to their environment via natural selection |
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Definition
| Is an example of adaptive radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| the beginning of the formation of cancer cells |
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Term
| Ribosome are manufactured in |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Comparable term meaning that solution A is of less concentration than solution B |
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Term
| One of the seven properties of life is the ability to respond to stimuli which is also defined as |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The occurrence during meiosis when cell bodies began to specialize there function |
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Term
| What is the difference between solution and mixture |
|
Definition
A 5 gallon bucket filled with water and the following substances thrown in are examples of...
Solution > Sugar with water because it can disolve
Mixture > Dirt with water because it clumps together and does not disolve |
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Term
| Who where the three main people that influenced Charles R Darwin? |
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Definition
1. Alfred Wallace - Gave Darwin the outline of Origin
2. Thomas Malthus - Termed survival of the fittest
3. Charles Lyell - Made Darwin believe the earth was millions of years old |
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Term
| The ability to acquire and utilize NRG is also defined as |
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Definition
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Term
| The make up of the early atmosphere needed NRG to get life started. What three sources could that come from |
|
Definition
1. Sunlight
2. Heat
3. Electrical discharge |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the Scala Naturae |
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Definition
| aka The Scale of Nature, it was the first classification of animals. Humans were at the top bugs and snakes at the bottom |
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Term
| What were the four main points of Origin of Species |
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Definition
1. Struggle for existence
2. More offspring were produced than could survive
3. Individual variations present
4. Some variations are beneficial to get passed on |
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Term
|
Definition
| Other Feeding = Animals Don't get their nutrients from the sun. |
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Term
| What is the lipid bilayer |
|
Definition
| The structural basis of every cell membrane |
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|
Term
| The cell wall provides support and strength to the cell and also contains _______ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what were the 2 ideas of James Hutton (Uniforitarianism)? |
|
Definition
1. The earth is old (older than the biblical terms suggest)
2. Change is the normal chain of events |
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Term
| Rudolf Virchow's analysis eventually led to what |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Cells shriveling ie. not watering a plant and it wilting |
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Term
| What was Carl Von Linne known for |
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Definition
| Inventing Binomial Nomenclature - 2 name categorization system using Latin words |
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Term
| Lysosome Bodies aka suicide sacs serve two purposes. What are they |
|
Definition
1. They contain digestive enzymes
2. Make up an important part of the cell defense mechanism |
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Term
| John Hunter mastered which four medical subjects |
|
Definition
1. Blood Coagulation
2. Lymphatic System
3. Chick Embryogy
4. Venereal Disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| Degeneration aka Reverse Evolution. |
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Term
| Phylogenetic is a type of classification system that reflects what |
|
Definition
| presumed evolutionary relationships |
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Term
| What are Aristotle's 4 main books |
|
Definition
1. The natural history of animals
2. On the parts of animals
3. On the generation of animals
4. On the psyche |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of Catastrophism |
|
Definition
1. Deluvinism - Floods
2. Vulcanism - Volcanos |
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Term
| Three possible origins of life |
|
Definition
1. created supernaturally
2. external source "astroplankton"
3. Evolved on an orderly manner from non-living matter |
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Term
| Georges Cuvier believed in what? |
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Definition
| Catastrophism - major catatsrophes cause extinctions |
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Term
| Isolation is a basic concept of evolution because... |
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Definition
| Smaller populations require less time to change than bigger pops. |
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Term
| An all inclusive word for the growth and development of life is... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| "Selection" in terms of evolution has two types |
|
Definition
1. Artificial Selection- Man messing with the species
2. Natural Selection- Mother Nature's guiding hand |
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Term
| The cell storage area for food and waste material is called |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Small, discreet changes in genetic structure over time |
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Term
| What are the four basic concepts of evolution |
|
Definition
1. Mutation
2. Gene Recombination
3. Isolation
4. Selection |
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Term
|
Definition
| Comparable term meaning that solution A is of equal concentration to solution B |
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Term
|
Definition
| A comparable term meaning that solution A is of greater concentration than solution B |
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Term
| DNA contains what type of information |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in the area between plasma membrane and center region of a cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Who is the father of Paleontology? |
|
Definition
| Gorges Cuvier also an expert in comparitive anatomy |
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Term
| The three generalizations of the cell theory are |
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Definition
1. All organisms composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the most basic unit of life
3. All cells originated from pre-existing cells |
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Term
| What is the problem with Antibiotics? |
|
Definition
| It allows us to live longer which in the scheme of this is bad and helps create "super virus'" |
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Term
| A homologous structure is |
|
Definition
| A similar body part in different lineages with shared ancestors |
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Term
| The seven properties of life are |
|
Definition
1. Organization
2. Homeostasis
3. Ability to acquire & use NRG
4. Respond to stimuli
5. Reproduction
6. Growth & Development
7. Adapt to a changing enviorment |
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Term
| What is the purpose of a plasma membrane |
|
Definition
| It determines what goes in and out of the cell |
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Term
| What are the levels of organization |
|
Definition
| Atom > Molecule > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organisms > Population > Community > Ecosystem > Biosphere |
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Term
| How does the Mitochondria power the cell |
|
Definition
| By converting oxygen to NRG |
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Term
|
Definition
| Layers of sedimentary rock ie. the horizontal lines in the Grand Canyon |
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Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to remain the same |
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Term
|
Definition
| To assist in protein synthesis and translate DNA. |
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Term
| RNA is for protein synthesis and is found where in the cell |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of organelles |
|
Definition
| They organize the events in a cell ie. where the cell moves and stores substances in the cytoplasm and other specific destinations |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were five substances made up the majority of the early earth atmosphere |
|
Definition
| water vapor, hydrogen, nitrogen, methane, ammonia |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the passage of particles from a region of greater to less concentration |
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|
Term
| What is the powerhouse for the cell |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
(G) back;
notochord: a cartilaginous structure that runs down the back of chordates during some developments |
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Term
|
Definition
G) fungi;
mycology: the study of fungi |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) blood;
hemoglobin: a protein of the blood |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) middle;
mesoderm: the middle layer of the 3 germ layers |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) above, beyond, excess of;
hypertonic: having an excess of ions |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) being affected with;
atherosclerosis: being affected with fatty deposits in the arteries |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) one, single;
monosaccharide: a single sugar molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) to eat;
phagocytes: white blood cells which eat bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) animal;
zoology: the study of animals |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) plant;
phytochromes: plant pigments |
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Term
|
Definition
(L) to swell;
turgor: the pressure exerted on the plant cell wall which results from osmosis causing the cell to swell |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) red;
erythrocyte: a red blood cell |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) skin;
epidermis: the uppermost layer of skin |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) disease;
pathogenic: disease causing phagocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) body;
somatic cells: body cells |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) before;
prokaryote: organisms lacking a nucleus (i.e. before a nucleus) |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) cartilage;
chondricythyes: fish with cartilage composing their skeleton |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) heart;
cardiac muscle: heart muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) poison;
toxic: acting so as to make one ill or cause death |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(G) color;
chromoplasts: plastids which contain colors seen in autumn leaves |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) self;
autotroph: self-feeder |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) outside;
extraembryonic membranes: membranes found outside the embryo |
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Term
|
Definition
(L) kidney;
renal artery, the artery that supplies blood to the kidney |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(L) kidney;
renal artery, the artery that supplies blood to the kidney |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(G) on, over, or above;
epidermis: the layer of skin on or above the dermis |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) white;
leukocyte: a white blood cell |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(G) form, shape;
morphogenesis: the changes of form of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(G) bone;
osteoporosis: a disorder that involves loss of calcium from bones |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) root;
rizoids: rootlike structures |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) naked;
gymnosperms: the naked seeded plants |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) kidney;
nephron: the functional unit of the kidney |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(G) enzyme;
lipase: an enzyme that breaks down fats or lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(G) cell;
cytology: the study of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(G) cell;
spermatocyte: the cells which give rise to spermatids by meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(L) change;
mutagen: an agent that will cause a genetic change |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(L) life;
vitamin: substances required in small amounts for normal growth and function |
|
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Term
|
Definition
(G) single;
haploid: having one (a single) set of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(G) arrange, put in order;
taxonomy: the classification of organisms |
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Term
|
Definition
(L) middle, between;
metaphase: middle phase in mitosis |
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Term
|
Definition
(G) mouth;
stomata: openings (mouths) in leaves through which gases pass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(G) large or great;
macromolecules: molecules that are very large |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(G) liver;
hepatic portal vein: a vein that connects the intestine and liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(G) flower;
anthophyta: the division of plants with flowers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(G) loosening, dissolution;
hydrolysis: the dissolution of a single molecule into 2 molecules using water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(G) together, with;
sympatric speciation: speciation without isolation geographically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(G) turning;
gravitropism: a plant response to gravity where the plant shoot turns away from the source of gravity and the root turns toward it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(G) fat;
lipids: fat molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(L) across;
transposon: a DNA segment that can move from one location in a chromosome to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(L) vessel;
vascular tissue: tissue-containing vessels that conduct fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(G) sugar;
glycolysis: the breakdown of the sugar glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(G) embryonic or growing thing in early stages;
blastula: an early stage of an embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ordovician Devonian Permian Triassic Cretaceous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changes within species or population mechanism; natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, gene flow Ex: Evolution of break size in Darwin's Finches |
|
|
Term
| Traits shared by all three domains |
|
Definition
| 1) conduct glycolysis 2) Replicate DNA semiconservativly 3) DNA encodes polypetides 4) produce those polypetides by transcription and translation using the same genetic code 5) have plasma membranes and ribosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| • Bacteria: peptidoglycan • Archaea: varied, but protein-based – With distinctive lipids in cell membranes • Eukarya: – Fungi: Chitin – Plants & Algae: Cellulose and other polysaccharides – (Animals and most protists don’t have cell walls) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| • Coccus (Cocci) • Bacillus (Bacilli) • Spiral • Almost all are unicellular • Some associate in filaments (but still unicellular) But most diversity is related to metabolism, not morphology |
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Term
|
Definition
| • Live in deep sea (no sunlight) • Extremely hot! Water close to boiling • Bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide (H2S) released from vents • Chemoautotrophs • Bacteria are base of food web – Crabs, clams, shrimp, fish |
|
|
Term
| photoautotrophs: cyanobacteria |
|
Definition
| • Perform photosynthesis and give off O2 • Sunlight as energy and CO2 as carbon source • Use Chlorophyll A, like plants • Other photosynthetic bacteria use bacteriochlorophyll • Appeared about 3.5 bya, contributed to enriched O2 atmosphere |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| • Organelles with membranes – specialized factories • Nucleus • Cytoskeleton – Support for cell – Changes in shape – Mitosis (distribution of daughter chromosomes) – Move materials within cell – Sets the stage for structures used for movement |
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|
Term
| Eukaryotic Cell - Evolution |
|
Definition
| 1.protective cell wall lost 2.increase surface area – infolding 3.internal membranes, vacuoles 4.cytoskeleton 5.nucleus: infolding vesicle 6.Flagellum: from cytoskeleton 7.Mitochrondria: endosymbiosis with proteobacterium 8.Chloroplast: endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| •All parasitic – all need other organisms to survive •Apical complex – helps to invade host’s tissues •Elaborate life cycles might need various hosts to complete cycyles •Plasmodium – causes malaria by invading a red blood cells i.uses mosquito and humans as hosts •Toxoplasma – toxoplasmosis i.Hosts: cats and animals eaten by cats (eg rats) ii.Microbe change the behavior of the host (kinda like rabies) |
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|
Term
| Kinetoplastids: Trypanosoma |
|
Definition
Definition 44
•Protozoans •Human pathogens i.Sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, Leishmaniasis •No vaccinations, no cures if caught too late •Often happens in developing countries no incentive for drug companies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Multicellular body: mycelium • Composed of: tubular filaments = hyphae • Hypha: divided into cell-like units by septa • Hyphae may be specialized • Mycelium may be reorganized into reproductive fruiting body (mushroom) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oChytrids :Paraphyletic, aquatic oZygomycetes: paraphyltic terrestrial oAscomycetes: terrestrial oBasidiomycetes: terrestrial oGlomeromycetes: terrestrial ; always multicellular |
|
|
Term
| LIfe Cycle of Land Plants : Alternation of generations |
|
Definition
| Gametophytes (N) -> fertilization -> Sporophyte (2N)-> Reduction Division (Meiosis) -> Gametophytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -female:Archegonia (ovaries) -male: antheridia (testes) -> gametes produced via mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -certain cells undergo meiosis -> produce lots of haploid spores - spores are spread by wind-> why they land in a good spot they grow into haploid gametophytes |
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|
