Threatening and submissive behavior to gain access to a resource such as food or a mate.

Associative learning

Ocean bottom of neritic and pelagic zones, these neritic benthic communities are very productive, and the deep benthic communities (also called abyssal zones) are adapted to cold water, have no light, and low nutrient levels. Deep sea vents are also found here, where the producers are chemoautotrophs not photoautotrophs.

The study of the past and present distribution of individual species and communities.

has population occurring in patches with an increased concentration of resources which leads to clumping

A symbiotic relationship between two organisms of different species in which one derives some benefit while the other is not effected

All of the organisms that occupy a particular area, interacting with eachother.

Effects same number of individuals regardless of population size.

Combination of abundance and diversity

An ecological community together with its environment functioning as a unit.

A J-curve; unlimited population growth due to unlimited resources

Fixed actions and patterns, which once they begin, cannot be stopped.

interaction between two or more species which use the same rsource

Rocky Shores where some organisms have a challenge living there because of rough waves, changing salinity, and hard rock substrate.

Shows modification of behavior based on a specific experience

When there are limiting factors which will affect the size of a population

Primary producers are plants in terrestrial ecosystems, and algae in aquatic ecosystems

The amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by the producers.

Spacing is varied and unpredictable, this is rare

A type of logistical growth which includes: short maturation time, short life-span, high death rate, many offspring/reproduction, one reproductive event, reproduces early in life, small size to offspring, no parental care

An area that an individual defends excluding other members of its species, it usually can provide the strongest with the best resources and space.

An area covered with water that supports aquatic plants; rich biome with diverse birds, invertebrates, mammals, etc