Term
|
Definition
Self-sacrifice for the benefit of another organism
Ex: Walruses have been seen adopting orphans who lost their parents to predators. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Competition for the same resource.
Ex: Male betta fish will kill one another for territory or females. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First used to describe situations in which an animal or person learns the characteristics of a stimulus, which is therefore said to be "imprinted" onto the subject.
Ex: Ducks believe the first thing they see after hatching is their mother, and will follow it and look to it for safety and food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The presence of an aversive stimulus is repeated to the point where it does not affect the organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Instinctive behavioral sequence that is indivisible and runs until complete.
Ex: Kelp Gull chicks are stimulated by a red spot on the mother's beak to peck at spot, which induces regurgitation. |
|
|
Term
| Difference between innate and learned behaviors |
|
Definition
| Innate behaviors are instinctual, and something that the animal is born with, and learned behaviors are behaviors that the animal adopts due to prior knowledge or experience. |
|
|
Term
| Difference between taxis and kinesis |
|
Definition
Taxis is a specific and directional response to a stimulus.
Kinesis is almost reflexive, without direction (random) |
|
|
Term
| How does altruism and kin selection contribute to the survival of a species? |
|
Definition
| When organisms will sacrifice themselves for the better good of the whole, more species can survive, and therefore more of the organisms are left to reproduce. |
|
|
Term
| Define: Independent variable, dependent variable, constant, control, and hypothesis. |
|
Definition
IV: The part of the experiment that the scientist manipulates.
DV: The part of the experiment that changes in response to the IV
Constant: Variables that remain the same throughout the whole experiment
Control: The baseline or experiment without the variable that is being tested.
Hypothesis: Statement of the problem and explanation of reasoning. |
|
|
Term
| What are common components that all graphs should have? |
|
Definition
| Title, labels on the axes, key or legend. |
|
|
Term
| What does a line graph, bar graph, histogram, and a pie chart represent? |
|
Definition
Line graph shows correlation between two variables.
Bar graphs show results that are one time, not continuous (surveys, opinions)
Histograms show frequency.
Pie charts show comparison of ratios and percentages. |
|
|
Term
| What are density-dependent factors and density-independent factors and examples of each? |
|
Definition
D-D: Change depending on # of organisms in area. Ex: Food, land
D-I: Are not affected by population density. Ex: weather |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of the carbon cycle? |
|
Definition
C is released into the atmosphere by organisms or burning of fossil fuels.
CO2 taken for photosynthesis and absorbed by bodies of water.
Plants are consumed or decay into fossil fuels which allows CO2 back into atmosphere. |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of the nitrogen cycle? |
|
Definition
Nitrogen fixation
Denitricfication
Nitrification |
|
|
Term
| How do populations change in a predator-prey relationship? |
|
Definition
Predators with an abundant # of prey will maximize life expectancies and allow for the most reproductive success. Prey # goes down.
Predators with a low number of prey maintain a less than average lifestyle. |
|
|
Term
What are the major abiotic factors of the following biomes:
Arctic, Taiga, Temperate, Grassland, Tropical Rain Forest, and Desert. |
|
Definition
Artic: Climate is cold, soil infertile
Taiga: Climate is, soil poor in nutrients; little rainfall
Temperate: Humid semifertile soil
Grassland: temperate, semiarid semifertile soil
Rain Forest: Humid, warmer climate. Fertile soil.
Desert: Dry and arid; many rocks Soil infertile |
|
|
Term
| What is carrying capacity? How is carrying capacity determined for a population using a graph of its population growth? |
|
Definition
| How many organisms an environment can comfortably maintain. Carrying capacity is determined by little to no growth on a graph. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between pyramids of energy, biomass, and numbers? |
|
Definition
Pyramids of energy shows the amount of energy at each trophic level.
Biomass shows the weight without water of each organism in the environment
Numbers show the numbers of each organism at each trophic level |
|
|
Term
| How does energy flow among trophic levels in food chains and food webs? |
|
Definition
| 10% is transferred between each trophic level. |
|
|
Term
| What are the ecological roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers in ecosystems? |
|
Definition
| Producers create energy for the consumers to transfer between one another, and decomposers recycle nutrients in dead organisms. |
|
|
Term
| What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory? |
|
Definition
| They reproduce themselves by splitting into two, similar to the process of binary fission in bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What type of reproductive isolation do courtship rituals represent and how does this help with species recognition? |
|
Definition
| Behavioral reproductive isolation can prevent interspecies breeding to occur because one courtship ritual may be ineffective on other organisms. |
|
|
Term
| What type of reproductive isolation is associated with allopatric speciation? Sympatric speciation? |
|
Definition
| Allopatric prevents animals of the same species to reproduce, causing an change in the frequency of alleles in a population. Sympatric prevents inbreeding from occurring so all genes remain varied. |
|
|
Term
| What are the principles of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation? What do all of the variables represent? |
|
Definition
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p=the dominant allele
q = the recessive allele
p^2 = proportion of dominant alleles in population
q^2 = proportion of recessive alleles in population |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 conditions necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? |
|
Definition
Random mating
No mutations
No immigration, emigration
Large population size
No natural selection |
|
|
Term
| How do cladograms show evolutionary relationships? |
|
Definition
| It shows characteristics that organisms have acquired or lost through time that gave rise to a new species. |
|
|
Term
| How do mutations, adaptive radiation, and polyploidy operate? |
|
Definition
| Mutations are random and occur sporadically in an organism. When successful, organisms with mutations can pass them down to their offspring. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata? Provide examples of each. |
|
Definition
Porifera: Sessile, no true body tissues, lack nerve and muscle, diploblastic Ex. Sponges.
Cnidarians: Specialized stinging cells (cnidocytes) radial symmetry, true body tissues, polyp+medusa form, gastrovascular cavity. Ex: Hydra, jellyfish, coral
Platyhelminthes: acoelomates, cephalization, excretion by flame buds/protonephridia Ex: tapeworms, flukes
Nematoda: pseudocoelomates, tough cuticle covering, alimentary canal, no circulatory system Ex: hookworms
Annelida: segmented worms, excretion through metanephridia, closed digestive system. Brainlike central ganglia w/ ventral nerve cord Ex. leech/earthworm
Mollusca: Soft-bodied, muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle that secretes shell, excretion through nephridia. Ex: Snails, octopus, clams
Arthropoda: Jointed appendages, chitin exoskeleton, ventral nerve cord, metamorphosis. Ex: spiders, crustaceans
Echinodermata: Spiny skin, deuterostome, water vascular system, endoskeleton Ex: sea urchin, sea cucumbers
Chordata: deuterostome, notochord, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, muscular tail. Ex: humans. |
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of body plans? (cavities) |
|
Definition
Acoelomate-no coelomic cavity exists.
pseudocoelomate- a coelom exists, but it is lined by mesoderm only on the body wall,
coelomate- the coelom is lined both on the inside of the body wall and around the gut by mesoderm. |
|
|
Term
| Difference between protostome and deuterostome development |
|
Definition
| in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes it becomes the mouth. |
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of nonspecific immune defenses in the body? How do they operate? |
|
Definition
| Skin and mucus membranes block and capture viruses to prevent them from reaching the bloodstream. |
|
|
Term
| How does the body respond in a primary immune response? Secondary immune response? |
|
Definition
| The body must produce antigens to fight the antibody and can take a long period of time. Memory cells help to remember the encountered antigen, so in the secondary response, the body remembers how to fight the antigen. |
|
|
Term
| What are the roles of B cells (effector and memory), T (helper and cytotoxic) cells, and leukocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, NK cells)? |
|
Definition
B-effector: Produce large volumes of antibodies and are transported through the blood plasma.
B-memory: Make antibodies for invading pathogens. Remember the same pathogen for quick antibody production if encountered again.
T-helper: They activate and direct other immune cells. They are essential in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells.
T-cytotoxic: Induce death on invading pathogens.
Leukocytes: Involved in defending against infectious disease and foreign materials. |
|
|
Term
| How does the body identify self vs. nonself cells? What is the biological mechanism to their response to foreign cells such as those found in organ transplants? |
|
Definition
| Antigens have already been able to recognize the antibody. When the body's cells attack each other, it is called an autoimmune disorder. |
|
|
Term
| What are a hydrogen bond, covalent bond, and an ionic bond? |
|
Definition
Hydrogen bonds are weak, bonds w/ H+.
Covalent bonds are sharing of an e-
Ionic bonds contain loss of one e- so the other atom gains an e- |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds? |
|
Definition
| Organic compounds contain Carbon and hydrogen. |
|
|
Term
| What are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? |
|
Definition
| Hydrolysis occurs when water is added to split large molecules. |
|
|
Term
| What are endergonic and exergonic reactions? |
|
Definition
Exergonic: energy is released
Endergonic: Energy required |
|
|
Term
| What are anabolic and catabolic reactions? |
|
Definition
Catabolic: lead to release of energy by breakdown of complex molecules
anabolic: consume energy to build complicated molecules |
|
|
Term
| What are some factors that can be used to calculate the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reactions? |
|
Definition
| Salinity, temperature, and pH. |
|
|
Term
| What are glycocalyx, cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids, and proteins? |
|
Definition
Glycocalyx:
Cholesterol: Common component of cell membranes
Triglyceride: Made of a glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules.
Phospholipids: Make up cell membranes (hydrophilic head, 2 hydrophobic tails)
Proteins: Polymers of amino acid monomers. |
|
|
Term
| How are the 20 different amino acids distinguished from one another? |
|
Definition
| The amino groups that are attached to them |
|
|
Term
| What are the elements found in each of the four macromolecule groups? |
|
Definition
Proteins - Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Sulphur(some), Nitrogen.
Lipids (fats) - Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen
Carbohydrates - Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen
DNA - Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Phosphorous, Nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| What are the four levels of protein structure? |
|
Definition
Primary: unique sequence
Secondary: 3D shapes (b/c of h+ bonding) alpha helix or beta pleated
Tertiary: complex globular shape due to interactions
Quaternary: 2 or more polypeptide chains into 1 large protein |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 components of a nucleotide? |
|
Definition
Nitrogenous base
Pentose (5 carbon) sugar
Phosphate group |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
Carbohydrates: Energy storage and structural support
Proteins: Depends on the order and number of amino acids. Incorrect folding=loss of function.
Lipids: Energy storage and protection of vital organs/insulation
Nucleic Acids: Compose nucleotide monomers. |
|
|
Term
| How are saturated fats produced from unsaturated fats in the process of hydrogenation? |
|
Definition
| Hydrogen is changed which turns it into trans-fat. |
|
|
Term
| What is entropy, free energy, and enthalpy? |
|
Definition
Free energy is able to perform work when the temperature is uniform.
Entropy is the amount of disorder or randomness in the universe
Enthalpy the sum of the internal energy plus the product of its volume times the pressure exerted on it. |
|
|
Term
| What is the first law of thermodynamics? |
|
Definition
| Energy of the universe is constant. It can be transferred and transformed, but not created or destroyed. |
|
|
Term
| What are the different stages of digestion and the organs that are involved in each stage? |
|
Definition
1. Ingestion (eating).
2. Digestion (stomach, liver, gallbladder)
3. Absorption (small/large intestine, colon, kidneys)
4. Excretion (bladder and rectum) |
|
|
Term
| What are the roles of amylase, hydrochloric acid, pepsin, bile, bicarbonate, and secretin? |
|
Definition
Amylase: Breaks starch down to maltose.
HCl: Converts pepsinogen to pepsin and maintains the stomach's pH. Dissolves food and kills microorganisms.
Pepsin: Digests and breaks down proteins.
Bile: Emulsifies fats so that they can mix with water and be affected by enzymes.
Bicarbonate: Neutralizes acidity mainly in an attempt to preserve the dentin and tooth enamel and also to neutralize bacterial toxins.
Secretin: Stimulates the pancreas to produce sodium bicarbonate and the liver to secrete bile. |
|
|
Term
| What structures are common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Which are found in eukaryotic cells, but not prokaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
| Pro and Eu share Plasma membranes, cytosol with organelles, and ribosomes. Eukaryotes are larger, and have nuclei and internal membranes. |
|
|
Term
| What are the structure, function, and location of the nucleolus, golgi apparatus, microtubules, mitochondria, ribosomes, ER (rough and smooth) chloroplasts, lysosome, nucleus, and cell wall? |
|
Definition
Nucleolus: Involved in production of ribosomes.
G.A.: Active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products.
Microtubules:
Mitochondria: Cellular respiration and generation of ATP
Ribosomes: Make proteins.
ER: Active in membrane synthesis and metabolic processes.
Chloroplasts: photosynthetic organelle. Converts sunlight energy into chemical energy.
Lysosome: Digestive organelle. Hydrolyzes macromolecules
Cell Wall: Maintains cell shape and protects from mechanical damage. Made of cellulose and protein |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of competitive exclusion in interspecific competition? |
|
Definition
| If only one species can successfully attain resources, then competition will either become more competitive or result in domination by one organism. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? |
|
Definition
Primary: Virtually lifeless area is colonized by organisms. (Volcanic rock acquires plants by wind)
Secondary: Existing community is cleared by disturbance that leaves the soil intact. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between gross primary productivity and net primary productivity? |
|
Definition
GPP: The amount of light energy that is converted to chemical energy by photosynthesis per unti time.
NPP: Equal to GPP minus the energy used for respiration. |
|
|
Term
| What is the age of Earth? When did prokaryotic and eukaryotic life emerge? |
|
Definition
| Earth is 4.1 to 4.2 billion years old. 3.5 billion years ago. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mitochondria evolved from aerobic bacteria
Chloroplasts evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria |
|
|
Term
| How have mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved through endosymbiosis? |
|
Definition
| Both mitochondria and chloroplasts can arise only from preexisting mitochondria and chloroplasts. They cannot be formed in a cell that lacks them because nuclear genes encode only some of the proteins of which they are made. |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of animal development? |
|
Definition
Immediately following fertilization, cleavage occurs. Cleavage is a series of extremely rapid mitotic divisions wherein the enormous volume of zygote cytoplasm is divided into numerous smaller cells. These cells are called blastomeres, and by the end of cleavage, they form a sphere known as a blastula.
2.
The blastospores change their positions relative to one another. This series of extensive cell rearrangements is called gastrulation, and the embryo is said to be in the gastrula stage. As a result of gastrulation, the embryo contains three germ layers: the ectoderm, the endoderm, and the mesoderm.
3.
Once the three germ layers are established, the cells interact with one another and rearrange themselves to produce tissues and organs. This process is called organogenesis.
In many species a specialized portion of egg cytoplasm gives rise to cells that are the precursors of the gametes (the sperm and egg). The gametes and their precursor cells are collectively called germ cells, and they are set aside for reproductive function. All the other cells of the body are called somatic cells. This separation of somatic cells (which give rise to the individual body) and germ cells is often one of the first differentiations to occur during animal development.
In many species, the organism that hatches from the egg or is born into the world is not sexually mature. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity? |
|
Definition
Humoral: Involves B cell activation and results from production of antibodies that circulate through the body.
Cell-mediated: Depends on the action of T cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of chemical bonds, how they form, and their relative strengths? |
|
Definition
Hydrogen: Weak bonds the form between positively charged hydrogen atoms and one charged to the O or N of another molecule.
Covalent: valence e- are shared. Nonpolar bonds include equal sharing of e-s and polar bonds include one element with affinity of electronegativity in molecule.
Ionic: exchange of e- due to strong electronegativity of one atom in the bond. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 unique properties of water? |
|
Definition
| Important solvent, Insulation of bodies of water, Cohesion (adhesion and transpiration), and moderation of temperature due to high specific heat. |
|
|
Term
| How are buffers important in biological systems? |
|
Definition
| The resist rapid changes in pH with the addition of acids and bases. Useful in maintaining cellular pH. |
|
|
Term
| What factors influence the efficiency of enzymes? |
|
Definition
| pH, temperature, and salinity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell's microtubules are initiated; lacks centrioles in plant cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maintain's cell shape and protects from mechanical damage. Made of cellulose, polysaccharides, and protein.
Only present in plant cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only present in plant cells. Connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only present in plant cells. Photosynthetic, turns sunlight energy into chemical energy which is stored in sugar molecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only present in plant cells. Prominent in older plants. Include storage and breakdown of waste products. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only present in plant cells. Encloses the central vacuole. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only present in animal cells. Used for locomotion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only present in animal cells. Digestive; hydrolyzes macromolecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reinforces cell's shape and aids in movement. Made of proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell's microtubules are initiated. Contains a pair of centrioles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase the cell's surface area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Various specialized metabolic functions. Produces hydrogen peroxide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used in cellular respiration where most ATP is generated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involves the modification, sorting and secretion of cell products. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Make proteins. May be in the cytoplasm or bound to rough ER. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Active in membrane synthesis and other metabolic processes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Encloses the nucleus, perforated by pores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involved in the production of ribosomes. May have one or more. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of DNA and proteins. |
|
|
