Term
| -CH3 found in butane, hydrophobic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -COOH some fatty acids and sugars |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -COR or -COH ketones, and aldehydes such as sugars |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -NH2 amines such as amino acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -OH alcohols such as ethanol and methanol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 basic kinds of macro-molecules |
|
Definition
| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
waxes, oils, fats, and steroids
all hydrophobic |
|
|
Term
| ability of molecules to attract to themselves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of energy it takes to start a reaction. the amount of energy it takes to break the bonds in the reactive molecules. Enzymes speed up reaction by lowering activation energy but not changing the free energy change of the reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate. the enzyme and substrate forms a complex called an enzyme substrate complex that is held together by weak interactions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form junctions between adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where fat is stored in mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| work in the cell is done by the release of a phosphate group in ATP. When ATP transfers one phosphate group through hydrolysis it becomes ADP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic solutions (as in the oposite of acidic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many enzyme regulars bind to this specific receptor far from the active site and they can either stimulate or inhibit enzyme activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organic molecules that contain a carboxyl group and an amino group as well as an R group - a variable group, that gives each amino acid its identity and properties. there are 20, and most of them end in ine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gathered light and bounce the energy to the reaction center |
|
|
Term
| atoms are held together by chemical bonds to form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the primary source of energy for the cell. Adenosine triphosphate. Made of nitrogenous base adinine bonded to ribose and a chain of 3 phosphate groups. When a phosphate group is hydrolyzed, energy is released as in an exergonic reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The one way movement of fluids brought about by pressure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability of water to rise of the roots, trunks, and branches of trees due to cohesion (water sticks to itself) and adhesion (water sticks to other stuff) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substances that can change the rate of reaction without being altered in the process themselves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a polysaccharide involved in the structure of organisms, it makes up the thick cell wall of plants. It is also a polymer of glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that selectively allow the passage of certain ions or molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of potential energy stored in molecules, dependent upon its chemical bonds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the substances that inhibits the actions of enzymes. They compete with the substrate for the active site on the enzyme. |
|
|
Term
| condensation or dehydration reaction |
|
Definition
| in this reaction, 2 monomers are combined and one water molecule is released. |
|
|
Term
| crystal lattice structure |
|
Definition
| water solid state is less dense than its liquid state because of H bond. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A network of fibers that keep the shape of the cell. Include microtubules and micromflaments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defined as interactions between the valence electrons of atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upon heating or ph change or other disturbance, a protein becomes inactive. Denaturization causes a proteinc to lose its shape or conformation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA's pentose has one less Ox. than ribose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When two amino acids join. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of 2 monosaccharides that have undergone a condensation reaction. 3 ex are sucrose, maltose and lactose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A continuous region that extends into the cytoplasm. Rough ER has ribosomes that are to be exported. Smooth ER makes lipids, hormones, and steroids and breaks down toxic chemicles. |
|
|
Term
| exergonic verses endergonic reaction |
|
Definition
| energy is released, change in G is negative vs. one that requires energy in order to proceed - change in G is positive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large molecules created by dehydration synthesis reaction between smaller molecules. fats are made up of a glycerol head molecule and 3 fatty acid molecules. |
|
|
Term
| first law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be transferred and transformed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Takes place in the cytoplasm, no ATP produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins complexes that form channels in membranes and allow communication between the cytoplasm of adjacent animals cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Golgi bodies modify, process and sort proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have different properties as a result of their different structures. More specifically their behavior is dependent on the identity of their functional groups. |
|
|
Term
| How many chromosomes does a normal human being have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins that cross the entire phospholipid bilayer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Takes place in mitochondrial matrix, 2 ATP produced |
|
|
Term
| long chain of water molecules moves up through cells by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tiny sacs that carry digestive enzymes that break down waste. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made up of the protein tubulin. Found in centrioles, cilia, and flagella. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small units that make up polymers and distinguishes them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the simplest sugars - simple ring structures like glucose and fructose. both glucose and fructose have the same chemical formula C6H12O6, but the way their atoms are arranged gives each one a different molecular formula and chemical properties. |
|
|
Term
| noncompetitive inhibitors |
|
Definition
| bind to another site on the enzyme other than the active site causing the enzyme to change its shape. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The area in a prokaryote where genetic information is stored. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A structure within the nucleus where rRNA is made and ribosomes are assembled. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made up of 3 parts - a nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar called pentose, and a phosphate group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of protons an element possesses which is unique to that element |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of protons and neutrons in an element |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occur when electrons being shared are shared equally between two atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when valence electrons are shared by two atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane, net production of 32 ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The bond between two amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a very important lipid making up cell membranes. They have a glycerol backbone and 2 fatty acid tails. glycerols are hydrophylic and fatty acids hydrophobic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structure in plants used for "stockpiling" alpha glucose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most large organic macro molecules polymers are long chained molecules that are made up of repeated units that are either the same as or similar to each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polymers of monosaccharides. polysaccharides are involved in the storage of carbs in organisms. In plants carbs are stored in the form of starch made of glucose monomers. In animals carbs are stored as glycogen. this is also a polysaccharide made of glucose, but its structure is more branched than the structure of starch. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polymers made up of amino acid monomers. make up about 50 per cent of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| docking sites for proteins of the extracellular matrix or hormones |
|
|
Term
| relatively weak bonds that form between molecules, as in water, positively charged hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to the negatively charged atom of another molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sites of protein synthesis. Composed of RNA and proteins. Can be free floating or attached to rough ER. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made up of 4 rings that are fused together. one comon type of steroid is colesteral. It is an important component of cell membranes. Others are found in hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fluid filled region inside of a cholorpast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the clinging of one substance to a water molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The disk like structures that make up grana. Contain chlorophyll and enzymes involved in photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tight connections between the membranes of adjacent animal cells. Can seal off cavities and prevent leaks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two atoms with different electronegativities resulting in unequal sharing of electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two bonded atoms attract the shared electrons so unequally that the more electronegative atom steals the electron away from the less electronegative atom, compounds called salts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain at least one double bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water exaporates from leaves of plants as a chain |
|
|
Term
| What are the four parts of an amino acid? |
|
Definition
| an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen group, and an R group (or side chain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What are the objects in the cell that separate the chromosomes during anaphase? |
|
|
Term
| What does a nucleotide consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is it called when eggs are made? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is it called when sperm are made? |
|
|
Term
| What is it called when the DNA in a cell is scrambled around in the nucleus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one half of a gene pair called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the basic unit of DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the place called where the cell membrane and and cytoplasm pinch together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the place called where the DNA opens up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process called when a cell reproduces itself and its DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process of making sperm and eggs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of replication has half-old, half-new DNA? |
|
Definition
| Semi-conservative replication |
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme attaches to the nucleotides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which enzyme glues all the pieces together? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which kind of cells have half the normal amount of chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which kind of cells have the normal amount of chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
