Shared Flashcard Set

Details

AP Bio Chapters 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
questions abo
110
Biology
10th Grade
09/08/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The plasma membrane is______ which means only certains molecules can pass through.
Definition
differentially permeable
Term
What type of molecules flow through the membrane freely? What are some examples of these types of molecules?
Definition
small non-charged lipid molecules; alcohol and oxygen
Term
Small polar molecules like carbon dioxide and water: do they go from high to low concentration or low to high?
Definition
high to low
Term
_____and_____can not easily pass through the hydrophobic bilayer of the membrane.
Definition
ions and charged molecules
Term
Both____and____ mechanisms move across the mebrane.
Definition
passive and active
Term
____moves molecules across the membrane without using energy.
Definition
passive transport
Term
Passive transport includes______and_____.
Definition
diffusion and facilitated transport
Term
Active transport requires_____and uses energy to move molecules across the membrane.
Definition
carrier protein
Term
When it is talking about energy being used to transport things in a cell, what is that called?
Definition
ATP-adrenosine triphosphate
Term
What are the three types of active transport?
Definition
exocytosis, endocytosis, pinocytosis
Term
What is diffusion?
Definition
the movement of molecules from high to low concentration
Term
A solute is usually a _____and a solvent is usually a_____.
Definition
solid; liquid
Term
____readily diffuse through the lipid bilayer.
Definition
gases
Term
What are four examples of things that influence the rate of diffusion?
Definition
temperature, pressure, electrical currents, molecular size
Term
_____is the diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane.
Definition
osmosis
Term
_______is the the pressure that develops in such a system due to osmosis.
Definition
osmotic pressure
Term
Osmotic pressure results in water being absorbed by the______and water being taken up from the_____.
Definition
kidneys; tissue fluid
Term
______is the strength of a solution with respect to osmotic pressure.
Definition
tonicity
Term
Istoninc solutions occure where the relative solute conentrations of two solutions are ____.
Definition
equal
Term
A 0.9% salt solution is used in injections because it is isotonic to_____.
Definition
red blood cells
Term
A hypotonic solution has a solute that is _____another another solution.
Definition
less than
Term
What is cytolysis?
Definition
cell bursting
Term
When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water enters the cell and it may undergo______.
Definition
cytolysis
Term
How do plants maintain an erect position?
Definition
turgor pressure
Term
Swelling of a plant cell in a hypotonic solution creates____.
Definition
turgor pressure
Term
A hypertonic solution has a solute concentration that is _____than another solution.
Definition
higher
Term
When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, what happens?
Definition
it shrivels
Term
What is it called when a cell shrivels?
Definition
crenation
Term
_____is the shrinking of the cytoplasm due to osmosis in hyptertonic solution.
Definition
plasmolysis
Term
As the central vacuole loses water, what happens to the plasma membrane?
Definition
it pulls away from the cell wall
Term
______are emembrane proteins that combine with and transport only one type of molecule or ion; they are believed to undergo a change of shape to move the molecule across the membrane.
Definition
carrier proteins
Term
_____is the transport of a specific solute down its concentration gradient from high to low, with the help of a carrier protein.
Definition
facilitated transport
Term
What are two examples of substances that use facilitated transport to move across the membrane?
Definition
amino acid and glucose
Term
_____is transport of a specific solute across the plasma mebrane up its concentration gradient from low to high.
Definition
active transport
Term
Active transport is done through the use of_____.
Definition
cellular energy (ATP)
Term
What must cells have a high number of near the membranes where active transport occurs?
Definition
mitochondria
Term
Proteins involved in active transport are often called _____.
Definition
pumps
Term
The sodium potassium pump is an important carrier system in ___and___cells.
Definition
nerve and muscle
Term
In_____, a vesicle formed by the Golgi apparatus fuses with the plasma mebrane as secretion occurs.
Definition
exocytosis
Term
During_____, cells take in substances by vesicle formation as plasma membrane pinches off.
Definition
endocytosis
Term
In_____,cells engulf large particles forming an endocytic vesicle.
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
What kind of cells commonly perform phagocytosis?
Definition
ameboid type cells
Term
When the endocytic vesicle fuses with a ____, digestion of the internalized substance occurs.
Definition
lysosome
Term
_____occurs when vesicles form around a liquid or very small particles; this is only visble with electron microscopy.
Definition
pinocytosis
Term
______occurs wehn specific macromolecules bind to plasma mebrane receptors.
Definition
receptor mediated endocytosis
Term
What does LDL stand for?
Definition
low density lipoprotein
Term
_____between cells are points of contact between cells that allow them to behave ina coordinate manner.
Definition
junctions
Term
_____junctions mechanically attach adjacent cells?
Definition
anchoring junctions
Term
In ____, internal cytoplasmmic plaques, firmly attached to cytoskeleton within each cell are joined by intercellular filaments; they hold cells together where tissues stretch.
Definition
adhesion junction
Term
in_____, a single point of attachment between adjacent cells connects teh cytoskeletons of adjacent cells.
Definition
demosomes
Term
in______plasma mebrane proteins attach in zipper like fastings; tehy hold cells together so tightsly that the tissues are barriers.
Definition
tight junctions
Term
What does a gap junction allow cells to do?
Definition
communicate
Term
When are gap junctions formed?
Definition
when two indentical plasma mebrane channels join
Term
The______is a meshwork of polysaccharides and proteins produced by animal cells.
Definition
extracellular matrix
Term
What gives the matrix strength?
Definition
collagen
Term
What gives the matrix resilience?
Definition
elastin
Term
Fibronectins and laminins bind to membrane receptors and permit communication between the_____and_____.
Definition
matrix and cytoplasm
Term
_____are glycoproteins that provide a packing gel that joins the various proteins in matrix and most likely regulate signaling proteins that bind to receptors in the plasma protein.
Definition
proteoglycans
Term
Plants cells are surrounded by a _____.
Definition
porous cell wall
Term
What do pectins allow the cell wall to do? Where are tehse pectins abdundant?
Definition
stretch; lamella
Term
What do non-cellulose polysaccharides to the cell wall of mature plat cells?
Definition
hardens it
Term
_____adds strength and is a common ingredient of a secondary cell walls in woody plants.
Definition
lignin
Term
______are narrow membrane lined channels that pass through cell walls of neighboring cells and connect thier cytroplasms allowing direct exchange of molecules and ions between neighboring plant cells.
Definition
plasmodesmata
Term
____is the capacity to do work.
Definition
energy
Term
____the energy of motion. _____is stored energy. ____is chemical energy.
Definition
kinetic; potential; food
Term
Chemical energy can be converted into _____.
Definition
mechanical energy
Term
What is the first law of thermodynamics (law of conservation of energy)?
Definition
energy cannot be created or destroyed
Term
Can plants or animals create energy?
Definition
no
Term
What happens to energy if it is not destroyed?
Definition
it is released as heat
Term
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Definition
energy cannot be changed from one form into another without a loss of usable energy
Term
____can never be converted back into another form of energy.
Definition
heat
Term
____is disorderness?
Definition
entropy
Term
____is the sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell.
Definition
metabolism
Term
____are substances that participate in a reaction while____are substances that form as a result of a reaction.
Definition
reactants; products
Term
____is teh amount of energy available after a chemical reaction has occured.
Definition
free energy
Term
What happens in an exergonic reaction?
Definition
energy is released
Term
What is unique about an endergonic reaction?
Definition
products have more free energy than the reactants
Term
endergonic reactions can only occur if there is a _____.
Definition
input of energy
Term
____is the common energy currency of cells.
Definition
ATP
Term
The more ____an organism is, the greater demand for ATP.
Definition
active
Term
ATP is constantly being generated from ____.
Definition
ADP
Term
Only_____% of the free energy of glucose is tansformed to ATP. the rest is lost as heat.
Definition
39
Term
What is the structure of ATP?
Definition
a nitrogen base containing the five carbon sugar called ribsose, three phosphate groups. A nitrogen base, The carbon sugar ribsoe, Phosphate groups--three of them
Term
In_____, the energy released by an exergonic reaction is used to drive an endergonic reaction.
Definition
coupled reactions
Term
What is required for amino acids to hook together and form a protein?
Definition
ATP
Term
What aret hree obvious uses of ATP?
Definition
chemical work, transport work, and mechanical work
Term
What is a metabolic pathway?
Definition
a series of linked reactions
Term
What is the name of the protein molecule that functions as a catalyst?
Definition
enzyme
Term
The reactants in an enzymatic reaction are called the _____for that enzyme.
Definition
substrates
Term
The energy that must be added to casuse molecules to react with one another is called the_____.
Definition
energy of activation
Term
What is the name of the part of the enzyme that binds with the substrate?
Definition
active site
Term
Do the enzyme and the substrate fit perfectly together in the active site?
Definition
no, so the induced fit model was created where the enzyme alters a little bit
Term
After the product is released the _____returns to its orginal state.
Definition
ACTIVE SITE
Term
When an enzyme is not present, is the energy of activation higher or lower?
Definition
higher
Term
Give examples of substrates and their enzymes. The substrate lipid has an enzyme called____. The substrate urea has an enzyme called____.
Definition
lipase; urease
Term
Enzymes speed reactions by forming a _____.
Definition
enzyme substrate complex
Term
Molecules must____to react.
Definition
collide
Term
What are four factors that affect enzyme speed?
Definition
susbtrate concentration, temperature, pH, and enzyme concentration
Term
Thre greater the concentration of substrates, does enzyme activity increase or decrease?
Definition
increase
Term
As temperature rises, what happens to enzymatic speed?
Definition
it increases
Term
If the temperature rises beyond a certain point, what happens?
Definition
enzyme becomes denatured
Term
Many enzymes require the presence of an inorganic ion or nonprotein organic molecule in order to be active, these necessary ions or moelcules are called ____.
Definition
cofactors
Term
The nonprotein organic molecules are called____.
Definition
conenzymes
Term
What is one way to activate an enzyme?
Definition
phosphorlylation
Term
In _____, the substarte and the inhibitor are both able to bind to the enzyme's active site and each spends time complexing with the enzyme.
Definition
competitive inhibition
Term
In _____, the inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a location other than the active site.
Definition
noncompetitive inhibition
Term
Both competitive inhibition and noncompetitive inhibtion are also examples of ______.
Definition
feedback inihibtion
Term
When enzyme inhibition is ____, the inhibitor permanently inactivates or destroys the enzyme.
Definition
irreversible
Term
_____is the loss of electrons and ____is the gain of electrons.
Definition
oxidation; reduction
Term
The production of ATP due to a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is called ____.
Definition
chemiosmosis
Supporting users have an ad free experience!