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| What is the name of the person who devised a taxonomic system that used morphological (i.e., anatomical) features as the primary criteria for classifying organisms? |
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Definition
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| Which statement is most consistent with the natural theology that was prevalent in Europe and America during Darwin's life? |
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Definition
| Nature reflects God's intelligent design. |
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Term
| On which of the following did Linnaeus base his classification system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Catastrophism was Cuvier's attempt to explain |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the prevailing notion prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin? |
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Definition
| The Earth is 6,000 years old and populations are unchanging. |
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Term
| During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement most accurately corrects the student's misconception? |
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Definition
| Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are not passed on through genes. |
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Term
| The statement "Improving the intelligence of an adult through education will result in that adult's descendants being born with a greater native intelligence" is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased UV irradiation causes the skin of humans to become more darkly pigmented over a period of days. The notion that the offspring of such tanned individuals should consequently inherit darkened skin from their parents is consistent with the ideas of |
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Definition
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Term
| Darwin's mechanism of natural selection required long time spans in order to modify species. From whom did Darwin get the concept of the Earth's ancient age? |
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Definition
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Term
| The naturalist who synthesized a concept of natural selection independently of Darwin was |
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Definition
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Term
| Linnaeus' concept of taxonomy is that the more closely two organisms resemble each other, the more closely related they are in a classification scheme. In evolutionary terms, the more closely related two organisms are, the |
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Definition
| more recently they shared a common ancestor. |
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Term
| Darwin's mechanism of evolution differed from Lamarck's by proposing that |
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Definition
| inherent variations in the population are more important in evolution than variations acquired during individual lifetimes. |
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Term
| Natural selection is based on all of the following except |
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Definition
| use or disuse of organs during one generation causes modifications of these same organs in subsequent generations. |
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Term
| All of the following statements are part of the Darwin-Wallace theory of natural selection except |
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Definition
| characteristics that are acquired during the life of an individual are passed on to offspring. |
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Term
Insects with mutations that prevent flight (e.g., the "vestigial wing" mutation in fruit flies) usually can't survive long in nature. But in four of the following environments, flightlessness could be selected for. Which environment should favor the survival of fruit flies that can actually fly?
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Definition
| a cage in which food cannot be reached by sole use of the legs |
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Term
| What is the most important missing evidence or observation in Darwin's theory of 1859? |
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Definition
| the source of genetic variation |
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Term
| Which of the following is the unit of evolution? In other words, which of the following can evolve in the Darwinian sense? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect do sexual processes (meiosis and fertilization) have on the allelic frequencies in a population? |
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Definition
| They have no effect on allelic frequencies. |
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Term
| What is the most reasonable conclusion that can be drawn from the fact that the frequency of the recessive trait (aa) has not changed over time? |
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Definition
| The two phenotypes are about equally adaptive under laboratory conditions. |
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Term
| What is the estimated frequency of allele a in the gene pool? |
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Definition
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Term
| What proportion of the population is probably heterozygous (Aa) for this trait? |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following are criteria for maintaining a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium involving two alleles except |
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Definition
| the frequency of all genotypes must be equal. |
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Term
| In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the percentage of the population that is heterozygous for this allele? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a Hardy-Weinberg population, the frequency of the a allele is 0.4. What is the frequency of individuals with Aa genotype? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a population with two alleles, A and a, the frequency of a is 0.6. What would be the frequency of heterozygotes if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most copies of harmful recessive alleles in a population are carried by individuals that are |
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Definition
| heterozygous for the allele. |
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Term
| What is the allele frequency in the founding population? |
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Definition
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Term
| If one assumes that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium applies to the population of colonists on this planet, about how many people will have attached ear lobes when the planet's population reaches 10,000? |
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Definition
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Term
| If four of the original colonists died before they produced offspring, the ratios of genotypes could be quite different in the subsequent generations. This is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following applies to both anagenesis and cladogenesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is true of speciation? It |
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Definition
| occurs via anagenesis or cladogenesis, but only the latter increases biodiversity. |
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Term
Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct?
I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation.
II. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct
forms of life.
III. The biological species is the largest unit of population in which gene
flow is possible. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the various species concepts separates species based on the degree of genetic exchange between gene pools? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not considered an intrinsic reproductive isolating mechanism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two closely related species can best remain distinct biological species by |
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Definition
| reproductive isolation from one another. |
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Term
| The usual isolating mechanism keeping closely related species of birds reproductively isolated from each other is __________ isolation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some species of Anopheles mosquito live in brackish water, some in running fresh water, and others in stagnant water. What type of reproductive barrier is most obviously separating these different species? |
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Definition
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Term
| two species of orchids with different floral anatomy |
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Definition
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Term
| two species of trout that breed in different seasons |
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Definition
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Term
| two species of meadowlarks with different mating songs |
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Definition
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Term
| Two species of garter snakes live in the same region, but one lives in water and the other lives on land. |
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Definition
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Term
| Two species of pine shed their pollen at different times. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mating fruit flies recognize the appearance, odor, tapping motions, and sounds of members of their own species, but not of other species. |
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Definition
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Term
| The scarlet oak is adapted to moist bottomland, whereas the black oak is adapted to dry upland soils. |
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Definition
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Term
Which combination of the following species characteristics would cause the greatest likelihood of fossilization in sedimentary rock?
I. aquatic
II. tropical
III. hard body parts
IV. presence of organic material
V. flight
VI. long duration as a species |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following should not be considered fossils? |
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Definition
| All of the below are properly considered fossils. |
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Term
| Peat bogs can have pHs as low as 3.8. Animals classified as fossils have been exhumed from such bogs with most of their bodies intact (except bones), and with DNA still present. What probably accounts for the persistence of the fleshy parts of these animals while in peat bogs? The peat bogs |
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Definition
| harbor relatively few bacteria. |
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Term
| The best index fossils for assigning relative ages to different strata are those of |
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Definition
| widespread, shelled marine organisms. |
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Term
| Which of the following can be used to determine the absolute age of fossils? |
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Definition
| the half-life of isotopes |
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Term
| If the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,730 years, then a fossil that has one-eighth the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 is probably __________ years old. |
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Definition
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Term
| Theoretically, how can absolute dates be determined by radiometric means? By measuring |
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Definition
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Term
| How many half-lives should have elapsed if 12.5% of the parental radioisotope remains in a fossil at the time of analysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Racemization of amino acids might be a useful technique for dating all of the following except |
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Definition
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Term
| A biologist discovers two new species of organisms, one in Africa and one in South America. The organisms resemble one another closely. Which type of evidence would probably be least useful in determining whether these organisms are closely related or are the products of convergent evolution? |
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Definition
| analysis of the behavior of the two species |
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Term
| All of the following are usual methods for dating fossils except |
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Definition
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Term
| The fossil record of a hypothetical taxon is likely to be incomplete if |
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Definition
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Term
| If two continental land masses converge and are united during continental drift, then the collision should bring about |
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Definition
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Term
Active tectonic subduction zones are characterized by
1. trenches.
2. earthquakes.
3. volcanoes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following can best be explained by continental drift? |
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Definition
| The scarcity of eutherian (placental) mammals in Australia. |
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