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Definition
| the totality of an organism's chemical reactions |
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Definition
| a specific molecule that is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product |
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Definition
| some metabolic processes release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds |
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Definition
| this pathway consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones |
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Definition
| energy that is associated with the motion of objects |
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Definition
| kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules |
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Definition
| the study of how organisms manage their energy resources |
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Definition
| an object that is not moving but posesses energy that is simply not kinetic |
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Definition
| a term used by biologists to refer to the potentional energy available for release in a chemical reaction |
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| first law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed |
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Definition
| a measure of disorder/randomness |
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| the second law of thermodynamics |
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Definition
| every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe |
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Term
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Definition
| measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system |
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Definition
| a release of free energy in a reaction |
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Definition
| a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings |
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Term
| ATP [adenosine triphsophate] |
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Definition
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Definition
| the use of an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic one |
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Definition
| when a cell is able to couple the energy of ATP hydrolysis directly to endergonic processes by transferring a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule. the resulting phosphate group is [phosphorylated] |
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Definition
| the initial investment of energy for starting a reaction |
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Definition
| the reactant an enzyme acts on |
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Term
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Definition
| when an enzyme binds to its substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| a pocket or groove on the surface of a protein that is a restricted region of the enzyme molecule that binds to the substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| when a substrate enters the active site and the interactions between its chemical groups and the amino acids' chemical groups cause the enzyme to change its shape slightly to fit more snugly around the substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| nonprotein helpers for catalytic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| when a cofactor is an organic molecule |
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Definition
| inhibitors that reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites |
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Term
| noncompetitive inhibitors |
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Definition
| those inhibitors do not directly compete with the substrate to bind to the enzyme at the active site, they bind to another part of the enzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| any case in which a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site |
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Term
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Definition
| this mechanism amplifies the response of enzymes to substrates |
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Term
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Definition
| a metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway |
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