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AP Bio chapter 5 notes
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44
Biology
11th Grade
09/25/2010

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Term
macromolecule
Definition
a molecule that has a mass of over 100,000 daltons
Term
polymer
Definition
a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
Term
monomer
Definition
the repeating units that serve as building blocks of polymers
Term
condensation reaction
Definition
when monomers are covalently boned to each other through loss of a water molecule
Term
dehydration reaction
Definition
another term for a condensation reaction
Term
hydrolysis
Definition
a process that is pretty much the opposite of a dehydration reaction, when polymers are disassembled into monomers by addition of a water molecule.
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
sugars and the polymers of sugars
Term
monosaccharides
Definition

single sugars [simple sugars]

examples include glucose, fructose, and other hexoses, trioses and pentoses.

Term
disaccharide
Definition
two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
Term
glycosidic linkage
Definition
a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
Term
polysaccharides
Definition
macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
Term
starch
Definition
a storage polysaccharide of plants, a polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers
Term
glycogen
Definition

a polymer of glucose stored by animals

 

humans mostly store glycogen in liver and muscle cells

Term
cellulose
Definition
a polysaccharide that is a major component of cell walls in plants
Term
chitin
Definition
a structural polysaccharide used by arthropods [insects, spiders, crustaceans, and related animals] to build their exoskeletons
Term
lipids
Definition
a class of large biological molecules that do not consist of polymers, they are all hydrophobic
Term
fat
Definition
constructed from glycerol and fatty acids
Term
fatty acid
Definition
has a long carbon skeleton, at one end is a carboxyl group
Term
triaglycerol
Definition
when 3 fatty acids join to glycerol by an ester linkage
Term
ester linkage
Definition
when a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group bond
Term
saturated fatty acid
Definition
when there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing the chain, allowing as many hydrogen atoms as possible to bond to the caron skeleton [aka, saturated with hydrogen]
Term
unsaturated fatty acid
Definition
has one or more double bonds, formed by the removal of hydrogen atoms from the carbon skeleton
Term
phospholipid
Definition
similar to a fat, but has only two fatty acids attched to glycerol
Term
steroids
Definition
lipids characterized by a acaron skeleton consisting of four fused rings
Term
cholestrol
Definition
a steroid, a common component of animal cell membranes and the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized
Term
enzymes
Definition
regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts
Term
catalysts
Definition
chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions in the cell without being consumed by the reaction
Term
polypeptides
Definition
polymers of amino acids
Term
protein
Definition
 one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific conformations
Term
amino acids
Definition
organic molecules possessing a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, an amino group, and an R group
Term
peptide bond
Definition
a covalent bond caused when 2 amnino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of another, resulting in a dehydration reaction, causing a covalent bond
Term
denaturation
Definition
when a protein loses its native conformation due to a change in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other parts of its environment
Term
chaperonins
Definition
protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins
Term
X-ray crystallography
Definition
a method used to determine a protein's 3-dimensional structure
Term
 deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA]
Definition
provides direction for its own replication, also directs RNA synthesis and controls protein synthesis
Term
ribonucleic acid [RNA]
Definition
conveys the genetic instructions for building proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Term
polynucleotides
Definition
nucleic acids that exist as polymers
Term
nucleotide
Definition

a monomer of a polynucleotide

 

a nucleotide is made up of a nitrogenous base, a pentose, and a phosphate group

Term
pyrimidine
Definition

a six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

 

members of this family are cytosine [C], thymine [T], and uracil [U]

Term
purines
Definition

larger, with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring

 

members of this family include adenine [A] and guanine [G]

Term
ribose
Definition
the pentose connected to the nitrogenous base in RNA
Term
deoxyribose
Definition
the pentose connected to the nitrogenous base in DNA
Term
double helix
Definition
the structure of a DNA [2 polynucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis]
Term
antiparallel
Definition
when 2 sugar-phosphate backbones run in opposite directions from each other
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