Term
| Three major groups of plant tissues |
|
Definition
| ground tissue, dermal tissue, vascular tissue |
|
|
Term
| ________ include three basic kinds of cells that differ mostly in the nature of their cell walls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
________ consists of epidermis cells that cover the outside of palnt parts, guard cells that surround stomata, and carious specialized suraface cells such as hair cells, stinging cells, and glandular cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ is a waxy protective substance that epidermal cells secrete |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three main kinds of ground tissues |
|
Definition
| Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma |
|
|
Term
| _______ cells are the most common compenent of ground tissue, have thin cell walls, and serve various functions including storage, photosynthesis, and secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_______ cells have thicker but flexible cell walls, and serve mechanical support functions
(type of ground tissue) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ cells have the thickest cell walls of all ground tissues, and also serve mechanical support functions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ tissue consists of two major kinds of tissues, xylem and phloem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Xylem and Phloem usually occur together to form ______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ functions in the conduction of water and minerals, and also provides mechanical support |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addition to the primary cell wall that all plants have, xylem cells have a _______ cell wall that gives them additional strength |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define: areas on the walls on xylem cells where the secondary wall is absent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most xylem cells are _____ at maturity, and are essentially cell walls that completely lack cellular components; they contain only _______ |
|
Definition
dead
the material being transported |
|
|
Term
| Name for the 2 kinds of xylem cells |
|
Definition
tracheids
vessel members (a.k.a. vessel elements) |
|
|
Term
| In _____, which are long and tapered, water from one __(same blank)__ to another through pits on the overlapping tapered ends of the cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ are shorter and wider than the other kind of xylem cell, and have less or no taper at their ends. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define: A column of vessel members |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Water passes from one vessel member to the next through areas devoid of BOTH primary and secondary cell walls, called _______, and are literally holes between cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ functions in the conduction of sugars |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phloem is made up of cells called ________ that form fluid-conducting columns called ______ |
|
Definition
sieve-tube members
sieve tubes |
|
|
Term
| Sieve-tube members are _____ at maturity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ on the end walls of sieve tube members form _____, areas where the cytoplasm of one cell makes contact with the cytoplasm of the next cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sieve-tube members are associated with ______ cells, living parenchyma cells that lie adjacent to each sieve-tube member |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Companion cells are connected to adjacent sieve-tube members by thin tubes of cytoplasm called ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A seed consists of... (3 things) |
|
Definition
an embryo
a seed coat
some kind of storage material
(may be Endosperm or cotyledons) |
|
|
Term
The embryo of a seed consists of the main following parts... (5 things)
(these things vary between monocots & dicots) |
|
Definition
the Epicotyl
the Plumule
the Hypocotyl
a Radicle
the Coleptile |
|
|
Term
| the top portion of the seed embryo, the _____, becomes the shoot tip |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the part of the seed embryo often attached to the epicotyl; consists of young leaves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the embryo of a seed, the _____ becomes the young shoot. It is below the epicotyl and is attached to the cotyledons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In some seed embryos, a _____ develops below the hypocotyl. It develops into the root. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In many monocots, a sheath called the _____ surrounds and protects the epicotyl. It will be the first thing to emerge, appearing as a leaf. However, it is NOT the first TRUE leaves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most important environmental cue for germination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Germination begins with the __(a.k.a. absorption)__
of water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the young seedling of a plant, growth occues at the tips of roots and shoots, called ____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tip of roots and shoots are areas of actively dividing, or (a.k.a.) ___________ cells. This kind of growth is called ________ growth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name for the root tip. It protects the apical meristem behind it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The dividing cells of the apical meristem form the _________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Newly formed cells absorb water and elongate, forming the next zone of primary growth, the ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The zone of primary growth where differentiation occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name: the kind of growth where actively dividing cells occur only at the apical meristems, producing growth that increases the length of a shoot or root |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name: the general name for tissues that develop from primary growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary ____ and primary _______ refer to vascular tissues originating from apical meristem growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whereas primary growth extends the length of plant parts, ______ growth extends their girth, or lateral dimension, and is the origin of _____ plant tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary growth occurs at two ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Name: the two different types of lateral meristems
(these types of cells are _____, capable of dividing and producing new cells throughout the lifetime of the plant) |
|
Definition
vascular cambium
cork cambium
meristematic |
|
|
Term
| Name: the tissues that originate from the vascular cambium are... (2) |
|
Definition
secondary xylem
secondary phloem |
|
|
Term
| the cork cambium gives rise to _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is the general name for the protective material that lines the outside of woody plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is the type of tissue that lines the outside surface of the root |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Root epidermal cells produce _______, which increase the absorptive surface of the roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Root hairs must ______ grow, because as the zone of ___ ages, root hairs die |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the _____ makes up the bulk of the root |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main fuction of the cortex in the roots is... |
|
Definition
the storage of starch
(it also often contains numerous intercellular spaces, providing aeration of cells for respiration) |
|
|
Term
| In roots, the ______ is a ring of tightly packed cells at the innermost portion of the cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A band of fattly material, called _____, impregnates the endodermal cell walls where they make contact with adjacent endodermal cell walls. This encircling band around each cell is called the __________, |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The the root endodermis, the casparian strip creates... |
|
Definition
| a water-impenetrable barrier between the endodermis cells |
|
|
Term
As a result of the ______ in roots, all water passing through the endodermis must pass _____ endodermal cells, and not _______ them.
Because of this, endodermal cells control the movement of water into the _______ of the root (where the vascular tissue resides), and prevent water mocement back out to the cortex |
|
Definition
casparian strip
through
between
center |
|
|
Term
| In roots, the ______ (a.k.a. the ______) makes up the tissues inside the endodermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The outer part of the vascular cylinder consists of one to several layers of cells called the ______, from which lateral roots arise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Roots: Inside the pericycle is the ______ tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Primary tissue in the stem possesses many of the same characterisitics as that in the _____. In most cases, however, and ____ and the _____ are lacking
(b/c the last 2 are specialized for water absorption) |
|
Definition
root
endodermis
casparian strips |
|
|
Term
Stem epidermal cells are covered with a protective layer called the _____.
|
|
Definition
cuticle
(There are also specialized cells such as guard cells and stinging cells)
|
|
|
Term
| In stems, the _____ consists of the various ground tissue types that lie between the eipdermis and the vascular cylinder. Many of these contain chloroplasts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In stems, the vascular cylinder consists of _____, ______, and _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In stems, a single layer of cells between the xylem and phloem may remain undifferentiated and later become the ______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ originates b/w the xylem and phloem and becomes a cylinder of tissue that extends the length of the stem and root. This layer is _______, producing new cells on both the inside and outside of the cambium cylinder |
|
Definition
vascular cambium
meristematic |
|
|
Term
| Cells on the inside of the vascular cambium differentiate into ________ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cells on the outside of the vascular cambium differentiate into ________ cells
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accumulating xylem and phloem cells force outside tissues to shed; in order to replace the shed epidermis with a new protective covering, new cells are produced by the _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On the outside of the cork cambium a protective layer of _______ cells are produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
On the inside of the cork cambium, _____ may be produced
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ tissue is the actual wood of a plant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is xylem that has been produced during the more recent years, and remains active in the transport of water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Older xylem, located toward the center of the stem, is called _______ and functions only as support |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the alternation of growth and dormancy produces _____ in the secondary xylem tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leaf tissues, from top to bottom of a leaf |
|
Definition
Cuticle
Upper epidermis
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll / Vascular bundle
Lower epidermis
Cuticle |
|
|
Term
Leaves
The _______ consists of parenchyma cells equipped with numerous chloroplasts and large surface areas, specializations for photosynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cuticle reduces _______ |
|
Definition
| transpiration (the loss of water through evaporation) |
|
|
Term
Leaves
The __________ consists of parenchyma cells loosely arranged below the palisade mesophyll, w/ numerous intercellular spaces that provide air chambers that provide CO2 to photosynthesizing cells (and O2 to respiring cells) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ cells are specialized epidermal cells that control the opening and closing of stomata |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are openings in the epidermis that allow gas exchange b/w the inside of the leaf and the external environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In leaves, _______ consist of xylem, phloem, and bundle sheath cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In leaves, _________ cells surround the vascular bundles in such a way that no vascular tissue in exposed to intercellular spaces. B/c of this, air bubbles cannot enter vessels where they could _____ the movement of water. |
|
Definition
bundle sheath
impede, stop, mess with, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Explain: the two pathways by which water moves toward the center of the root after entering through root hairs |
|
Definition
1. Water moves through cell walls and intercellular spaces from one cell to another w/o ever entering the cells. This pathway is called the APOPLAST and consists of the nonliving portion of cells
2. Water moves from one cell to another through SYMPLAST (living portion of cells). Water moves from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of the next through PLASMODESMATA |
|
|
Term
| In roots, endodermal cells are _____ as to what minerals are allowed to enter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The main three mechanisms that are involved in the movement of minerals and water through xylem
(starting from what brings water in
& ending at what gets it to stomata) |
|
Definition
Osmosis
Capilary Action
Conhesion-tension theory (transpirational pull)
^most significant is this last one^ |
|
|
Term
Define: the rise of liquid in narrow tubes
*the force of ____ typically drives it* |
|
Definition
Capillary action (a.k.a. capillarity)
adhesion |
|
|
Term
Define: the formation of small droplets of water and minerals (sap) on the ends of leaves of grasses and small herbs in the early morning
*caused by the osmotic force of ________* |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The three main concepts that cause/are behind
Cohesion-tension theory |
|
Definition
Transpiration
Cohesion
Bulk Flow |
|
|
Term
Translocation is the mocement of carbohydrates through phloem from a ______, such as leaves, to a ______, a site of carbohydrate use
(Translocation is described by the _______ hypothesis) |
|
Definition
source
sink
pressure-flow |
|
|
Term
| Describe the major steps of the pressure-flow hypothesis (4) |
|
Definition
1. Sugars enter the sieve-tube members
2. Water enters sieve tube members
3. Pressure in sieve-tube members at the source moces water and sugars to sieve-tube members at the sink through sieve tubes
4. Pressure is reduced in sieve-tube members at the sink as sugars are remoced for utilization by nearby cells |
|
|
Term
| Two cellular actions that can make a cell into a sink for carbohydrates |
|
Definition
1. Storing sugars as starch
(starch is insoluble in water)
2. Breaking down sugars for energy
|
|
|
Term
| The opening and closing of the stomata is controlled by... |
|
Definition
| the movement of water into and out of the guard cells. |
|
|
Term
| When water diffuses into guard cells, stomata... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When water diffuses out of guard cells, stomata...
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3 Observations of stomata
(things that control opening and closing of them) |
|
Definition
1. Stomata close when temperatures are high
2. Stomata open when CO2 concentrations
are low inside the leaf
3. Stomata close at night & open at day
|
|
|
Term
What chemical is most associated with
stomatal opening and closure? |
|
Definition
|
|
