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AP Bio Chapter 16 Scientist
n/a
35
Biology
12th Grade
05/13/2010

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Term
Anticodons
Definition
part of tRNA base pair with codons during translation
Term
Avery
Definition
separated and purified the different organic compounds of the bacteria and IDENTIFIED the DNA as responsible for the transformation effect.
"Seperated components put of S-Cells put into R-cells; DNA yields S-Cells"
Term
Bacterial DNA Origin of Replication
Definition
Single origin consosting of specific sequence of nucleotides recognized by protiens that initiate DNA replication
Term
Base Pair mutation missense
Definition
Signals the wrong amino acid
Term
Base Pair mutation nonsense
Definition
signals stop
Term
Base Pair mutations
Definition

replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

can cause missense nonsense

Term
Central Dogma
Definition
DNA -> RNA -> Potien
Term
Chargaff
Definition
"Chargaff's Rule" = A's pair with T's (U's in RNA), G's pair with C's equal proportion of purines and pyrimidines; amount varied from species to species.
Term
Codon
Definition

like a code

in messenger RNA

translated into specific protien or signals stop

Term
Eukaryotic Origins of Replication
Definition

Hundreds to thousands

speeds up process

Term
Frameshift Mutations
Definition

Caused by insertions or deletions

Reading frame must be group of 3

ex:

Wild Type- the fat cat ate and ate

deletion of e in the- thf atc ata tea nda te

Term
Franklin
Definition
Produced a picture of the DNA molecule using X-ray crystallography
concluded DNA was composed of two antiparallel sugar-phosphate backbones, with the nitrogenous bases paired in the molecule’s interior
Term
Griffith
Definition
showed that dead bacteria could be transformed into living cells.
"Heat killed S-cells + living R-cells = living S-cells"
Term
Hammerling
Definition
used green algae; proved that the hereditary material is in the nucleus.
Term
Hersey and Chase
Definition

They radiolabeled the protein with 35 S and the DNA with 32P in order to “see” which of the molecules actually entered the cell and produced more phage. Used bacteriaphage (T2)

DNA entered cell

Term
Insertions/deletions
Definition

mucleotides added or removed from a sequence

cat -> cagt

cat -> ct

Term
Meselson and Stahl
Definition
DNA replication follows a semiconservative model.
One strand old strands paired with new strands.
Term
Miescher
Definition
extracted “nuclein”- nucleic acid from human cells and fish sperm
Term
Mismatch Repair
Definition
repair enzymes correct errors in base pairing
Term
Nucleotide Excision Repair
Definition
Segment of damaged strand cut out by DNA-cutting enzymes and replaced with properly paired nucleotides
Term
Point Mutations
Definition

changes in just one base pair of a gene

Three kinds:

-substitution

-insertions

-deletions

Term
Proofreading
Definition
DNA polymerase proofreads newly made DNA replaces incorrect nucleotides at an error rate of about 1 in 10 billion nucleotides
Term
Purines
Definition
A's and G's
Term
Pyrimidines
Definition
C's and T's (U's)
Term
Reading Frame
Definition

Must be in groups of 3 readable to enzymes

The fat cat ate

Term
Substitution
Definition

nucleosides switched with other nucleotides

cat->cgt

Term
Telomers/Telomerase
Definition

non-encoding nucleotide repeats that postpone the erosion of genes near the ends of DNA moleculse

(Telmerase makes them)

Term
Transcription Process
Definition
RNA polymerase 2 bindes to iniation complex (TATAA box and promter, transcription factors)-> RNA polymerase 2 pries DNA apart and synthesises RNA in a 5' to 3' direction -> in eukaryotes add poly A-tail and modified nucleotide cap
Term
Translation
Definition
mRNA -> Protien
Term
Translation process
Definition
small ribosomal subscript binds to mRNA -> anticodon on tRNA binds to codon at the A site -> tRNA translocated to the P site where the amino acid is bound to the polypeptide chain -> tRNA translocated to E site and removed from cell
Term
Transription
Definition
DNA -> mRNA
Term
Watson and Crick
Definition
Proposed the double helix structure of DNA (current model)
Term
mRNA
Definition

Messenger RNA

chemical blueprint for protiens

(DNA copy)

Term
rRNA
Definition

Ribosomal RNA

part of ribosome

decodes mRNA into amino acids

Term
tRNA
Definition

transfer RNA

transfers amino acids to growing polypeptide chain at the ribosome

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