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AP Bio Animals
Chp 40, 41, 42, 43
103
Biology
11th Grade
03/14/2012

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Cards

Term
Anatomy
Definition
Biological form
Term
Physiology
Definition
Biological function
Term
What limits the range of animal forms?
Definition

Physical laws involving:

strength, diffusion, movement, and heat exchange

Term
How does water influence swimming animals' shape?
Definition

Water 1000x denser than air

Gives streamline body contour; no bumps

 

Term
Physical laws and maximum size?
Definition
  • Body dimensions increase, thicker skeleton needed for support
  • Muscles needed for locomotion represent larger fraction of total body mass
  • Mobility becomes limited

 

Term
Fusiform
Definition

 

Tapered on both ends

Term
When does exchange occur?
Definition
As substances dissolved in aqueous solution move across plasma membrane of each cell
Term

Rates _________ to _____________,amount that must be

exchanged ______________ to _______________.

Definition

proportional;

membrane surface area;

proportional;

cell volume

Term
What does oppurtunity for exchange depend on?
Definition

# cells in the body

Term
When does a multicellular animal only work?
Definition
Only when every cell has access to suitable aqueous environment inside or outside.
Term
Simple internal organization
Definition
  • Body plan enables direct exchange between almost all cells/external environment
  • Sac-like/flat shapes
Term
Complex internal organizations
Definition
  • Compact cell masses
  • An increase in # cells, decrease of the ration of outer surface area to total volume
  •  Specialized surfaces that are banched/folded inside 
Term
How does the branched/folded surfaces of complex internal organizations help?
Definition
  • Enable sufficient exchange with environment
  • Protects tissue from abrasion/dehydration
  • Allows for streamlined body contours
Term
Role of fluids in material exchange?
Definition
Link exchange surfaces to body cells
Term
Interstital fluid
Definition
Fill the spaces between cells
Term

Complex internal organizations also have ___________;

(i.e ____________.)

Definition

Circulatory fluid;

Blood

Term
Benefits of complex body plans?
Definition
  • External skeleton protects against predators
  • Sensory organs provide detail information on surrondings
  • Internal digestive organs break down food gradually
  • Specialized filtration systems adjust composistion of internal fluid that bathes body cells
Term
How does the exchange of 2 fluids help cells?
Definition
Enables cells throughout body to obtain nutrients and get rid of wastes
Term
Complex body plans are good for ________?
Definition
Land with external environment that is highly variable
Term
How does the break down of food gradually help?
Definition
Controls release of stored energy
Term
Specialized filtration helps with?
Definition
Maintaining relatively stable internal environment while living in changable external environment.
Term
Hierarchy in body plans
Definition
          1. Cells
          2. Tissues
          3. Organs
          4. Organ system
Term
Tissues
Definition
Group of cells similar in appearence/function
Term
Organs
Definition
Functional units
Term
Simplest animals (like sponges) can lack
Definition
Organs/tissues
Term
Organ system
Definition
Group of organs that work together to provide additional level of organization/coordination.
Term
Digestive components
Definition

Mouth

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Intestines

Liver

Pancreas

Anus

Term
Digestive function
Definition

Food processing;

(ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)

Term
Circulatory components
Definition

Heart

Blood vessels

Blood

Term
Circulatory function
Definition
Internal distribution of materials
Term
Respiratory components
Definition

Lungs

Trachea

Other breathing tubes

Term
Respiratory funtion
Definition

Gas exchange;

(uptake of oxygen, disposal of carbon dioxide)

Term
Immune and Lymphatic components
Definition

Bone marrow

Lymph nodes

Thymus

Spleen

Lymph vessels

White blood cells

Term
Immune and Lymphatic function
Definition

Body defense;

(fighting infections and cancer)

Term
Excretory components
Definition

Kidneys

Ureters

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Term
Excretory funtion
Definition

Disposal of metabolic wastes;

regulation of osmotic balance of blood

Term
Endocrine components
Definition

Pituitary

Thyroid

Pancreas

Adrenal

Other hormone-secreting glands

Term
Endocrine functions
Definition

Coordination of body activites;

(such as digestion and metabolism)

Term
Reproductive components
Definition

Ovaries

Testes

Associated organs

Term
Reproductive function
Definition
Reproduction
Term
Nervous components
Definition

Brain

Spinal cord

Nerves

Sensory organs

Term
Nervous function
Definition

Coordination of body activities;

Detection of stimuli;

Formulation of responses to stimuli;

Term
Integumentary components
Definition

Skin and derivatives

(hair, claws, skin glands)

Term
Integumentary function
Definition
  • Protection against:

Mechanical injury

Infection

Dehydration

 

  • Thermoregulation
Term
Skeletal components
Definition

Skeleton

(bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage)

Term
Skeletal function
Definition

Body support

Protection of internal organs

Movement

Term
Muscular components
Definition
Skeletal muscles
Term
Muscular function
Definition
Locomotion and other movement
Term
4 main tissue types
Definition
          1. Epithelial
          2. Connective
          3. Muscle
          4. Nervous
Term
Structure/function of general epithelia
Definition
  • Sheets of cells, closely packed with tight junctions
  • Covers outside body and lines organs/cavities within body
  • Form active interfaces with environment
  • Function as barrier against mechanical injury pathogens and fluid loss
Term
Cubiodal epithelium
Definition
  • Dice shaped cells specialized for secretion
  • Makes up epithelium of kidney tubules and many glands (thyroid & salivary)
Term
Simple columnar epithelium
Definition
  • Large, brick shaped cells
  • Found where secretion/active absorption is important
  • Lines intestines, secretes digestive juices and absorbs nutrients
Term
Simple squamous epithelium
Definition
  • Single layer of platelike cells, thin/leaky
  • Functions in exchange of material by diffusion
  • Lines blood vessels/air sacs of lungs 

(where diffusion of nutrients and gases is crucial)

Term
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Definition
  • Single layer of cells varying in height
  • Ciliated cells forms mucous membrane that lines portions of respiratory tract; beating cilia sweep film of mucus along surface
Term
Stratified squamous epithelium
Definition
  • Multilayered and regenerates rapidly
  • New cells formed by division near basal lamina, push outward, and replace cells that are sloughed off
  • Found on surfaces subject to abrasion (outer skin, linings of mouth, anus, and vagina)
Term
Apical epithelial tissue
Definition
  • Faces lumen or outside of organ and exposed to fluid/air
  • Has outside projections that cover surface (small intestine covered with microvilli)

 

Term
Lumen
Definition
Cavity
Term
Basal epithelial tissue
Definition

Opposite side of organ than apical;

Doesn't face lumen, inside organ; not exposed to fluid/air;

Attached to basal lamina

Term
Basal lamina
Definition
Dense mat of extracellular matrix that separates epithelium from underlying tissue
Term
Connective tissue (Def. and function)
Definition
  • Sparse population of cells scattered through extracellular matrix
  • Holds many tissues/organs together and in place

 

Term
Connective tissue structure
Definition
  • Matrix consists of web of fibers embedded in liquid, jellylike, or solid foundation
  • Matrix is within fibroblasts and macrophages
Term
Fibroblasts
Definition

Secrete fiber proteins;

Connective tissue

Term
Macrophages
Definition

Engulf foreign particles and any cell debris by phagocytosis;

 

Connective tissue

Term
Collagenous fibers
Definition
Provide strength/flexibility
Term
Reticular fibers
Definition
Join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
Term
Elastic fibers
Definition
Make tissues elastic
Term
Loose connective tissue
Definition
  • Most widespread connective tissue in vertebrate body
  • Name from loose weave of fibers, which include all 3 types of tissue fibers
  • Binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
  • Found in skin and throughout body
Term
Fibrous connective tissue
Definition
  • Dense with collagenous fibers
  • Found in tendons and ligaments
Term
Tendons
Definition
Attach muscle to bone
Term
Ligaments
Definition
Connect bones at joints
Term
Bone
Definition
  • Makes up skeleton of most vertebrates
  • Mineralized connective tissue (Ca, Mg, and P ions)
  • Contains osteoblasts and osteons
Term
What 3 ions combine to form the hard mineral within the bone matrix?
Definition
Ca, Mg, P ions
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition

Bone forming cells

Deposit matrix of collagen

Term
Osteons
Definition
  • Makes up hard mammalian bone;
  • Consists of repeating units
  • Each has conentric layers of mineralized matrix deposited around central canal of blood vessels/nerves
Term
Blood
Definition
  • Liquid extracellular matrix (plasma)
  • Has erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
Term
Plasma
Definition
Water, salts, and dissolved proteins
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition

Red blood cells;

Suspended in plasma

 

-Carry oxygen

Term
Leukocytes
Definition

White blood cells;

Suspended in plasma

 

-Function in defense

Term
Platelets
Definition

Cell fragments;

Suspended in plasma

 

-Aid in blood clotting

Term
Adipose tissue
Definition
  • Specialized loose connective tissue
  • Stores fat in adipose cells distributed throughtout matrix
  • Pads and insulates body; stores fuel as fat molecules
Term

Adipose tissue:

 

Each cell contains a large _____ droplet that ______ when fat is _________ and ________ when the body uses fat as _______.

Definition

Fat;

Swells;

Stored;

Shrinks;

Fuel

 

Term
Cartilage
Definition
  • Contains collagenous fibers embedded chondroitin sulfate
  • Contains chondrocytes
  • Many vertebrate embryos contain cartilage, but is replaced by bone as embryo matures
  • Remains in locations like discs that acts as cushions between vertebrae.
Term
Chondroitin Sulfate
Definition

Rubbery protein-carb complex;

Cartilage

Term
Chondrocytes
Definition
Cells that secrete collagen/chondroitin-sulfate that together make cartilage strong yet flexible to support material
Term
Structure/function of generalized muscle tissue
Definition
  • Responsible for nearly all types of body movement
  • Consists of filaments containing proteins: ACTIN & MYOSIN
Term
Together, actin and myosin
Definition
Enable muscles to contract
Term
3 types of muscle tissue
Definition
          1. Skeletal
          2. Smooth
          3. Cardiac
Term
Skeletal muscle tissue
Definition
  • Aka striated muscle
  • Attached to bones by tendons
  • Voluntary movements
  • Consist of muscle fibers
  • Arrangement of sarcomeres that gives the cells a striped (striated) look
Term
Muscle fibers
Definition
  • Bundles of long cells
  • Formed by fusion of many cells, resulting in multiple nuclei in each muscle cell/fiber
Term
Building muscle ___________, not _____________. 
Definition

Increases size;

Number of fibers

Term
Sarcomeres
Definition
Contractile units
Term
Smooth muscle tissue
Definition
  • Lack striations
  • Found in walls of digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, and other internal organs
  • Cells spindle-shaped
  • Involuntary body activities (churning of stomach and constriction of arteries)
Term
Cardiac muscle tissue
Definition
  • Forms contractile wall of heart
  • Straited like skeletal and similiar contractile properties
  • Has fibers that interconnect via intercalated disks, which relay signals from cell to cell and help synchronize heart contraction
Term
Nervous tissue
Definition
  • Functions in receipt, processing, and transmission of information
  • Contains neurons and glial cells
  • Concentration of nervous tissue forms brain, information process center
Term
Neurons
Definition

Nerve cells;

Transmit nerve impulses and support glial cells;

Contains dendrites

Term
Dendrites
Definition
Extensions on neurons
Term
Glial cells
Definition

Aka Glia;

Help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons, and sometimes modulate neuron function

Term
2 major systems used to communicate
Definition

Endocrine system;

Nervous system

Term
Endocrine system
Definition
  • Signaling molecules (hormones) released into bloodstream by endocrine cells that reach all locations
  • Hormones are slow acting
  • Suited to coordinating gradual changes that affect entire body (growth/development, reproduction, metabolic processes, digestion)
  • Use same pathway as nervous system
Term
Nervous system
Definition
  • Communication usually involves more than 1 type of signal
  • Neurons transmit signals (nerve impulses) between specific locations in body
  • Impulses travel to specific cells on communication lines that consist of axons over changes of voltage
  • Conveys information by pathway the signal takes
  • Fast, suited for immediate and rapid response
Term
4 types of cells that can receive impulses
Definition
        • Other neurons
        • Muscle cells
        • Endocrine cells
        • Exocrine cells
Term
Endocrine signaling molecules
Definition
Hormones
Term
Transmit signals in the nervous system
Definition
Neurons
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