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| The portion of a basilica flanking the nave and separated from it by a row of columns or piers. |
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| Greek, “double theater.” A Roman building type resembling two Greek theaters put together. The Roman amphitheater featured a continuous elliptical cavea around a central arena. |
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| Elevated to the rank of gods, or the ascent to heaven. |
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| A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a church. |
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| A series of arches supported by piers or columns. |
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| A curved structural member that spans an opening and is generally composed of wedge-shaped blocks (voussoirs) that transmit the downward pressure laterally.See also thrust. |
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| The court of a Roman house that is partly open to the sky. Also the open, colonnaded court in front of and attached to a Christian basilica. |
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| A blanket designation for the art of the period 1600 to 1750. |
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| In ancient Greek architecture, the lowest part of Ionic and Corinthian columns. |
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| In Roman architecture, a civic building for legal and other civic proceedings, rectangular in plan with an entrance usually on a long side. In Christian architecture, a church somewhat resembling the Roman basilica, usually entered from one end and with an apse at the other. |
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| An exterior masonry structure that opposes the lateral thrust of an arch or a vault. A pier buttress is a solid mass of masonry; a flying buttress consists typically of an inclined member carried on an arch or a series of arches and a solid buttress to which it transmits lateral thrust. |
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| The hot-bath section of a Roman bathing establishment. |
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| An ancient Roman temple dedicated to the gods Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. |
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| The north-south street in a Roman town, intersecting the decumanus at right angles. |
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| A female figure that functions as a supporting column. See also atlantid. |
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| A Roman military encampment. |
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| Subterranean networks of rock-cut galleries and chambers designed as cemeteries for the burial of the dead. |
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| Latin, “hollow place or cavity.” The seating area in ancient Greek and Roman theaters and amphitheaters. |
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| The chamber at the center of an ancient temple; in a classical temple, the room (Greek, naos) in which the cult statue usually stood. |
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| A small spatula used in encaustic painting. |
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| The three initial letters (chi-rho-iota) of Christ’s name in Greek (?-?-?), which came to serve as a monogram for Christ. |
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| A sunken panel, often ornamental, in a vault or a ceiling. |
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| A capital combining Ionic volutes and Corinthian acanthus leaves, first used by the ancient Romans. |
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| A building material invented by the Romans and consisting of various proportions of lime mortar, volcanic sand, water, and small stones. |
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| In painting or sculpture, the convention of the same figure appearing more than once in the same space at different stages in a story. |
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| In masonry construction, a horizontal row of stone blocks. |
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| A small cubicle or bedroom that opened onto the atrium of a Roman house. Also, a chamber in an Early Christian catacomb that served as a mortuary chapel. |
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| The Roman decree condemning those who ran afoul of the Senate. Those who suffered damnatio memoriae had their memorials demolished and their names erased from public inscriptions. |
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| The east-west street in a Roman town, intersecting the cardo at right angles. |
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| The ritual circling of a Roman funerary pyre. |
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| The standard Roman silver coin from which the word penny ultimately derives. |
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| One of the stacked cylindrical stones that form the shaft of a column; the cylindrical wall that supports a dome. |
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| A painting technique in which pigment is mixed with wax and applied to the surface while hot. |
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| Recessed area, usually semicircular. |
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| Latin, “throat.” In a Roman house, the narrow foyer leading to the atrium. |
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| The arrangement of the windows of a building. |
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| The earliest style of Roman mural painting. Also called the Masonry Style, because the aim of the artist was to imitate, using painted stucco relief, the appearance of costly marble panels. |
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| The public square of an ancient Roman city. |
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| In Roman mural painting, the Fourth Style marks a return to architectural illusionism, but the architectural vistas of the Fourth Style are irrational fantasies. |
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| In ancient and medieval society, men and women who had been freed from servitude, as opposed to having been born free. |
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| The coldbath section of a Roman bathing establishment. |
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| The edge formed by the intersection of two vaults. |
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| In ancient Rome, wax portraits of ancestors. |
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| Latin, “commander in chief, “ from which the word emperor is derived. |
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| In a Roman house, the basin located in the atrium that collected rainwater. |
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| In Roman architecture, a multistory apartment house, usually made of brick-faced concrete; also refers to an entire city block. |
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| In antiquity, the Jewish sacred seven-branched candelabrum. |
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| The swimming pool in a Roman bathing establishment. |
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| The central area of an ancient Roman basilica or of a church, demarcated from aisles by piers or columns. |
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| Latin, “eye.” The round central opening of a dome. Also, a small round window in a Gothic cathedral. |
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| An ancient Greek and Roman exercise area, usually framed by a colonnade. |
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| Roman freeborn landowners. |
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| In ancient Greek architecture, a colonnade all around the cella and its porch(es). A peripteral colonnade consists of a single row of columns on all sides; a dipteral colonnade has a double row all around. |
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| The Roman social class that included small farmers, merchants, and freed slaves. |
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| Latin, “chief priest.” The high priest of the Roman state religion, often the emperor himself. |
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| In Roman architecture, a pseudoperipteral temple has a series of engaged columns all around the sides and back of the cella to give the appearance of a peripteral colonnade. |
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| In architecture, a wall covering or facing. |
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| To give a rustic appearance by roughening the surfaces and beveling the edges of stone blocks to emphasize the joints between them. Rustication is a technique employed in ancient Roman architecture, and popular during the Renaissance, especially for stone courses at the ground-floor level. |
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| The style of Roman mural painting in which the aim was to dissolve the confining walls of a room and replace them with the illusion of a three-dimensional world constructed in the artist’s imagination. |
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| Latin, “council of elders.” The legislative body in Roman constitutional government. |
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| Greek, “scene painting”; the Greek term for perspective painting. |
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| The roughly triangular space enclosed by the curves of adjacent arches and a horizontal member connecting their vertexes; also, the space enclosed by the curve of an arch and an enclosing right angle. The area between the arch proper and the framing columns and entablature. |
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| In Roman architecture, a single-room shop usually covered by a barrel vault. |
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| The study or office in a Roman house. |
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| The warmbath section of a Roman bathing establishment. |
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| Hard-baked clay, used for sculpture and as a building material. It may be glazed or painted. |
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| In Roman mural painting, the style in which delicate linear fantasies were sketched on predominantly monochromatic backgrounds. |
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| The outward force exerted by an arch or a vault that must be counterbalanced by a buttress. |
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| A circular painting or relief sculpture. |
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| The dining room of a Roman house. |
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| In Roman architecture, a freestanding arch commemorating an important event, such as a military victory or the opening of a new road. In Christian architecture, the arch framing the apse at the end of a church nave. |
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| In a Roman amphitheater, the cloth awning that could be rolled down from the top of the cavea to shield spectators from sun or rain. |
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| True to natural appearance. |
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