Term
|
Definition
| when separate organisms begin to work together in symbiosis, and develop into one organism because they cannot live without each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protozoa, Absorptive, Algae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ingestive heterotrophs - "animal-like" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
absorb nutrients from outside, do not make their own energy
fungi - mushrooms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals dessicate in water, you get some really bad effects from drinking it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
photosynthetic, plant-like
form mycorrhizae with fungi |
|
|
Term
| diplomonads and parabasalids |
|
Definition
anaerobic
diplomonads - two nuclei - like giardia
parabasalids include trichomonads such as trichomonads vaginalis which lives in vaginas. YAY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have unique flagella - crystalline rods in flagella <-- characteristic of euglenozoans
includes kinetoplastids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
like mitochondria, but not. doesn't perform mito. functions.
kinet. has extra nuclear DNA
lives in water and land
a type of euglenazoan
heterotrophic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a parasitic kinetoplastid which causes african sleeping sickness (you die) - contract it from a tsetse fly
get into your blood cells and do nasty stuff
achy, headaches, rash, confusion, slurring, personality change, seizures etc - you die 3 weeks to a month after bite from fly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the other type of euglenazoan
have two flagella at end of cell - their funky thing is their storage of a form of glucose called paramylon
autotrophic (they're green, have chloroplasts) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diverse aquatic photoautotrophs and heterotrophs
abundant components of marine and freshwater phytoplankton
rapid growth causes red tides - toxic for humans
some are bioluminescant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
another type of alveolate
parasites of animals and humans - cause diseases
one end apex is for penetrating host cells and tissues BITING end
have apicoplast - nonphotosynthetic end
have sexual and asexual stages that often need two or more different host species for completion
have intricate life cycles i.e. malaria
sexual life cycle happens in mosquito - fertilization and meiosis
reproduce in liver, morph into different form that infects red blood cells
i.e. malaria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
paramecium
named for use of cilia to move and feed
have large and small macro and micro nuclei (two nuclei)
micro function during conjugation
macro does everyday stuff
conjugation is their sex to binary fission
KNOW structure and function
PARAMECIUM - live in hypotonic - water keeps going in, they use contractile vacuole to pump water out (and poo at the same time)
know basics of anatomy
CONJUGATION
swaps genetic material
need two paramecium of compatible mating type
must be opposite mating types
they get really close side by side and fuse (membranes)
diploid micronuclei YAY MICRO
micros undergo meiosis - 4 haploid micronuclei
3 of 4 dissolve, 1 that is left undergoes mitosis (twin copy)
then they trade their new micronuclei
each have one of the others haploid micronuclei
then micronuclei fuse to become diploid again
diploid micronuc undergoes 3 rounds of micronucs to get 8 hap. mic.
4 become macronuclei and macronucleus dissolves
4 stay micronuclei
cell goes through 2 rounds of cytokenesis to make four new cells
NOW THERE are EIGHT new cells total (the two in the beginning have 1/4 of them in each new cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
water molds, white rusts, downy mildews
were once considered fungi fased on morphological studies
they are decomposers
cause ICK in fish
water molds have a and sexual life cycles
hyphi - fungus like (absorbtive) causes ICK - like a root / anchoring system ; network of branches to increase surface area to absorb more
also cause potato blight - caused irish potato famine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the hat-box wheel
contain cilica (look like blown glass)
a major component of phytoplankton
fossils of diatom walls make diatomaceous earth (filtering in pools) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
named for color; are biflagellates
can be unicellular or colonial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common
multi cellular, mostly marine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blade, stipe, holdfast
have most diverse structures of algaie
giant kelp is the biggest protist on earth
seaweed in sushi!!! |
|
|
Term
| life cycles of multicellular algae |
|
Definition
alternates between dip and haploid form in most complex life cycle
haploid = gametophyte; diploid = called sporophyte
(KNOW THIS SHE WROTE IT ON BOARD)
heteromorphic (different forms) vs. isomorphic (look the same) forms
life cycle of brown alga laminaria
sporophyte --> spores by meiosis (zoospores) --> grow up into gametophyte --> male and female gametophytes reproduce by mitosis (cuz already haploid) and fuse their haploid copies --> grows up into sporophyte
all plants all fungus all algae --> this concept holds for all alternating sexual lifestyles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brown algae, diatoms, seaweed, oomycetes |
|
|
Term
| cercozoans and radiolarins |
|
Definition
threadlike pseudopodia
cercozoa is newly recognized clade --> includes amoebas (formerly defined as protists)
cercozoans have thread-like pseudopods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fake feet - extend out through shell
foram tests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
marine protists
tests are fused into one delicate piece, generally made of silica - they phagocytose microorganisms with their pseudopodia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| YOU ONLY REALLY NEED TO KNOW.... |
|
Definition
| dinoflagellates, diatoms, paramecium, algae, amoebas, euglena |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phagocytosis - heterotrophic
pseudopods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates
causes dysentery (entamoeba histolytica)
100,000 deaths from dystentary
3rd leading cause of death due to parasites |
|
|
Term
| slime molds / mycetozoans |
|
Definition
produce fruiting bodies that aid in spore dispersal- evolutionary convergence instead
alternation of generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
undivided by membranes and contains many diploid nuclei
extends pseudopodia into deomposing material, EATS (phagocytosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
closest relatives of land plants
heterotrophic protist got cyanobacterial endosymbiont
descendants evolved into red and green algae
RED
have pigment that masks green chlorophyll - multi-cellular; seaweed
GREEN
for chloroplasts - divided into chlorophytes and charophyceans
closely related to land plants
chlorophytes live in fresh water, some salt water, damp soil, snow, and symbionts in lichens
include unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms
have complex life cycles (a and sexual) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the production of a new genome through the transfer of part of the genome of one organism to another |
|
|
Term
| episodic geologic and biological history was a series of.... |
|
Definition
bang --> bang --> bang
mass extinctions |
|
|
Term
| four main stages in the process of simple cells being produced by chemical and physical processes |
|
Definition
ABIOTIC SYNTHESIS of small organic molecules (amino acids and nucleotides)
JOINING of these monomers into polymers (proteins and nucleic acids)
PACKAGING of these molecules into PROTOBIONTS
the origin of self replicating molecules eventually made this possible
PROTOBIONTS- droplets that maintain a different internal chemistry than their surroundings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
droplets that maintain a different internal chemistry than their surroundings thanks to being surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure
aggregates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gains electrons
hypothesis of Oparin and Haldane of earth's early atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| life on earth could have started three ways |
|
Definition
slow evolution of protobionts
underwater deep sea vents and underwater volcanoes
from meteors (Carbon compounds have been found) --> possibility of life on other planets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membrane-bounded droplets that can form when lipids or organic molecules are added to water
absorb glucose-phosphate and puts out maltose and phosphate |
|
|
Term
| early protobionts were made up of... |
|
Definition
| ...self-replicating, catalytic RNA |
|
|
Term
| The three eons of the geologic record |
|
Definition
| the Archaean, the Proterozoic, and the Phanerozoic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ...mass extinctions and fluctuations in species thanks to sedimentary strata |
|
|
Term
| the two major mass extinctions were.... |
|
Definition
| ...the Permian and the Cretaceous |
|
|
Term
| electron transport systems were... |
|
Definition
| ...essential to early life, and possibly precede life itself |
|
|
Term
| oxygen was not part of the earliest kind of photosynthesis, so when it was added to the atmosphere... |
|
Definition
| ...it posed a challenge at first, but a new thing to exploit, but could be the reason behind eukaryotic evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when a mutually symbiotic relationship became interdependency --> this made them one organism
i.e. mitochondria and plastids |
|
|
Term
| first multi-cellular organisms were colonies. elaborate! |
|
Definition
| some cells became specialized for certain activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most major phyla of animals occur 20 mil years after start of cambrian period
everything happened in WATER due to fluid reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pangaea separated and now continents are puzzle peices |
|
|
Term
| how much genetic diversity do prokaryotes have? |
|
Definition
| a LOT because they reproduce all the time |
|
|
Term
| the shapes of prokaryotes |
|
Definition
THREE
COCCI - spherical i.e. strep
BACILLI- rod-shaped
SPIRAL |
|
|
Term
| most important structural part of a prokaryote is... |
|
Definition
...their CELL WALL
maintains cell shape, protects insides, and prevents cell from bursting in hypotonic environment |
|
|
Term
| when prokaryotes plasmolyze, they are in a... |
|
Definition
...hypertonic environment
i.e. salt kills all the bacteria around it |
|
|
Term
| two types of cell wall composition |
|
Definition
GRAM-NEGATIVE
using a gram stain, turn up dark violet b/c their PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER soaks up dye and traps it in the cytolplasm
GRAM-POSITIVE
have an outer membrane with a lipopolysaccharide layer which does not soak up the violet dye, and when the plate is rinsed with alcohol, it washes off and the red dye that is added next is seen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many short pili (like the sex pilus in conjugation) that allow prokaryotes to stick to substrate or eachother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a heterogenous environment, many bacteria exhibit TAXIS - reacting to a stimulant, either going towards it or fleeing |
|
|
Term
| the prokaryotic genome is formed in the shape of a... |
|
Definition
| ...RING that is not surrounded by a membrane, but is isolated in a nucleoid region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a hardy part of many prokaryotes that remain viable in harsh conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CHEMO OR PHOTO
AUTO OR HETERO
autotrophs get their carbon from CO2 |
|
|
Term
| prokaryotic metabolism varies with oxygen - there is anaerobic and aerobic. what are the three types of aerobes? |
|
Definition
obligate aerobes - require oxygen
facultative anaerobes - can do w/ or w/o oxygen
obligate aerobes - use nitrate ions or sulfate ions for Electron Transport Chain (are poisoned by oxygen) |
|
|
Term
| prokaryotes metabolize nitrogen by... |
|
Definition
| ...nitrogen fixation! atmospheric nitrogen is processed into ammonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cooperation between prokaryotes --> allows them to use resources they could not use on their own
in some, this creates surface-coating colonies called biofilm
ex: cyanobacterium ANABAENA
photosynthesizing portion and nitrogen-fixing cells exchange their products |
|
|
Term
prokaryotes used to be grouped by phenotype, but now they are organized by molecular systematics and their phylogenetic relationships.
there are two large groups... |
|
Definition
...they are the proteobacteria and the gram-positive bacteria.
PROTEOBACTERIA
Chlamydias, spirochetes, gram-positive bacteria, and cyanobacteria |
|
|
