Term
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Definition
Eimeria
Isospora
Affects growth of animal-young animals more seriously than adults (7-14 day old pigs, calves, puppies)
Treatment and prevention difficult |
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Term
Anticoccidials in mammals |
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Definition
Decoquinate
Na+, H+-ionophores: monensin, lasalocid
Amprolium
Antifolates
Triazine derivatives: Idiclazuril (Clinacox), ponazuril (Marquis) |
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Term
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Definition
Coccidistat (not -cidal)
Effective vs. sporozoites
decreased electron transport
ADM: 0.5 mg/kg/d in cattle feed for about 4 weeks
PK: Poor absorption after oral dosing
No preslaughter withdrawal
Adverse effects: None
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Term
| Ionophores: monensin, lasalocid |
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Definition
Isolated from Steptomyces spp.
Anticoccial activity vs all coccidia
(1st generation trophozoites, merozoites)
Growth promotant in ruminants
MOA: increased Na+, H+ entry->
1. Disrupts mictochondria
2. Disrupts Golgi
3. Increased osmolarity
4. decreased pH
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Term
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Definition
| 0.3-1 mg/kg/d in cattle feed for prevention |
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Term
|
Definition
no information in mammals
in chickens monensin t1/2=2 hours, lasalocid t1/2=11 h
No preslaughter withdrawal
Do not use in calves
Can be used in lactating cows |
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Term
| Ionophores adverse effects |
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Definition
increased Na+ entry=cell death
increased Na+ entry=increased Ca2+ entry into cells
increased myocardial contractility
increased Catecholamine release
degeneration of myocardium
monensin > lasalocid (horses!!!)
Mix thoroughly! Protect workers! |
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Term
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Definition
Quaternary compound
thiamine antagonist
coccidia are 50X more sensitive than animal cells
Effective vs 1st generation trophozoites, schizonts
Drug resistance: drug combination |
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Term
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Definition
| 5 mg/kg/d in cattle feed for prevention |
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Term
|
Definition
Poor absorption after oral administation
no preslaughter withdrawal |
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Term
Amprolium
Adverse effects |
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Definition
| none at therapeutic doses |
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Term
|
Definition
Sulfonamides and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors
Longest history for outbreak treatment and prevention
Peak activity vs 2nd generation schizonts
Sulfadimethoxine, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfamethazine
Ormetoprim, trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, methotrexate
Sulfadimethoxine+ormetoprim (Primor, Rofenaid)
ADM: 55 mg/kg (d1), then 27.5 mg/kg/d |
|
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Term
Diclazuril
(Clinacox, Protazil) |
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Definition
Diclazuril is approved for EPM and avian coccidiosis
For prevention and treatment of coccidiosis
Effective vs. coccidia in very young animals (stops oocyst shedding very soon after treatment is initiated)
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Term
|
Definition
effective vs. schizonts and gametes
inhibits nuclear division |
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Term
|
Definition
Feed additive: 0.2% Clinacox; 1.56% Protazil
25 mg/kg PO, can redose 15 d later |
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Term
|
Definition
Protazil in horses is extralabel
Oral bioavailability: 5%
After oral dosing, Tp=8-24 h
B=43-65 h about 2 days |
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Term
Diclazuril
adverse effects |
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Definition
| Safe when used as directed |
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Term
|
Definition
Extra-label for coccidiosis
Active metabolite of toltrazuril (sulfone)
Used for EPM, toxoplasmosis
5x's less potent than diclazuril
Ponazuril past-Marquis paste=1 ml=150 mg ponazuril
1ml ponazuril +2 mlH2O->50 mg/ml |
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Term
|
Definition
15-30 mg/kg, PO
may repeat after 10 days |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Ponazuril
Adverse effects |
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Definition
GI disturbances
Hypersensitivity |
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Term
3 anticoccidial drugs used for prevention
(not outbreak treatment) |
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Definition
Decoquinate
Ionophores
Amprolium |
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Term
| 3 Anticoccidial drugs used for prevention and outbreak treatment |
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Definition
Antifolates
Diclazuril
Ponazuril |
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Term
| Anticoccidial drugs used on a single dose bases |
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Definition
Diclazuril (can redose after 15 days)
Ponazuril (can redose after 10 days)
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Term
| Why should diclazuril and ponazuril be used more frequently than other drugs? |
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Definition
They are much newer (less resistance) and work on latter part of the lifecycle
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Term
| Which anticoccidial has least residue problems? |
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Definition
| Amprolium-no GI absorption |
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Term
Which group of anticoccidial drugs is most toxic to animals?
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Definition
| Ionophores-affect myocardium |
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Term
| Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) |
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Definition
Most important equine protozoal disease in US
Sarcocystis neurona infects opossum (definitive host)
Small mammals are intermediate host
Horse is aberrant, dead-end host
Infected by ingestion of sporocysts in contaminated feed/water
Schizonts in CNS
Clinical signs: head tilt, ataxia, muscle weakness, atrophy, urinary incontinence, constipation (stroke-like) |
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Term
|
Definition
Tx on long term basis
1. Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine-sulfadizine (Rebalance), PO, daily for over 30 days
2. Ponazuril (Marquis) PO 5 mg/kg/d for 28-56 days
3. Diclazuril (Protazil) PO 1 mg/kg/d 28 days
4. Anti-inflammatories: flunixin, phenylbutazone, glucocorticoid, DMSO
Physical therapy following chemotherapy |
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Term
Ponazuril Paste (Marquis) vs EPM
spectrum |
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Definition
treatment of coccidiosis, EPM, toxoplasmosis, neosporosis
broad spectrum, cross BBB |
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Term
Ponazuril paste vs EPM
MOA |
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Definition
| vs. schizonts by inhibiting nuclear division |
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Term
Ponazuril paste vs EPM
ADM |
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Definition
5 mg/kg/d, PO, 4 wk
after a grain meal |
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Term
Ponazuril paste vs EPM
PK |
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Definition
Tp=18d
B=4.5 d (after multiple doses) |
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Term
Ponazuril vs EPM
adverse effects |
|
Definition
blisters on nose and mouth
skin rash and hives
GI disturbances
colic
seizures
Do not use in sick/debilitated animals due to other disorders
Relapse in 5-30% cases |
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Term
Diclazuril (Protazil) vs EPM
formulation |
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Definition
pellets as feed additive
similar to ponazuril, more potent |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 mg/kg/d, PO, 4 wk, mix in grain meal |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
Diclazuril vs EPM
adverse effects |
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Definition
similar to ponazuril
blisters on nose and mouth, skin rash and hives, GI disturbances, colic, seizures |
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Term
| Metronidazole (Broad Spectrum) |
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Definition
Nitroimidazoles: dimetridazole, ipronidazole, metronidazole
Metranidazole is a human drug
For giardiasis, histomoniasis, babesiosis, trichomoniasis, amebiasis |
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Term
|
Definition
disruption of helical structure of DNA by active metabolite
(Ferrodoxin-linked M) |
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Term
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
ADM |
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Definition
| 10-30 mg/kg after food, bid or tid for 5-7 days |
|
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Term
|
Definition
GI absorption, 50-100%
Tp=1 h, widely distributed
excreted in urine in 24 hours: 50% metranidazole, 50% metabolites
Oxidation followed by conjugation: excreted in urine in 24 h
B=3-5 h |
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Term
Metronidazole
adverse effects |
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Definition
GI disturbances
CNS disturbances
Mutagenicity, cardiogenicity
Neutropenia |
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Term
|
Definition
Albendazole and fenbendazole-against giardiasis
Anti-infective with broadest spectrum |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 25 mg/kg, bid for 2 d; after food |
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Term
Benzimidazoles
Adverse effects-albendazole |
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Definition
may be toxic to liver, bone marrow
teratogen |
|
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Term
Control of cryptosporidiosis
3 drugs |
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Definition
Paromomycin (Humatin)
Nitrozoxanide (Alinia)-in humas
25 mg/kg, PO, bid, food, 7-28 d
Azithromycin (Zithromax)
15 mg/kg, bid, 14 d |
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Term
| Paromomycin for cryptosporidiosis |
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Definition
an aminoglycoside for extra-label use, very expensive
potential to prevent and treat cryptosporidiosis (125 mg/kg, PO, bid, 5 d)
No PK given for animals
minimal systemic absorption when given PO
Adverse effects: vomiting, diarrhea, colic, nephrotoxic, deafness |
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Term
Babesiosis
characteristics |
|
Definition
Protozoans that parasitize RBC's, cause anemia
endemic in southern states-Florida, Texas
Sporadic cases in horses in Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota
Ticks-vectors
direct animal to animal transmission can occur
Tx with Imidocarb (Imizol) |
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Term
|
Definition
| binds DNA of babesia and denatures it |
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Term
|
Definition
IM or SC
in dogs, 6.6 mg/kg, repeat dose in 2 weeks
in horses, for b. caballi: 2 mg/kg x 2d
for B. equi, 4 mg/kg, q 72 h x 4
Do not use in food animals |
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Term
|
Definition
readily absorbed from injection site
B=3.5 h
Excreted in urine and feces as parent compound |
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Term
Imidocarb
Adverse effects
|
|
Definition
Injection pain and inflammation 1-7 d
Stimulation of parasympathetic NS, SLUDD (decreased AChE)
Teratogenicity and carcinogenicity
Precautions: No cholinergic stimulants
don't use in pregnant animals
Should use with atropine |
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Term
Toxoplasmosis and Neosporosis
|
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Definition
Neosporosis->encephalomyelitis in dogs, abortion in cattle
Vertical transmission in dogs and cattle
Pharmacological control in dogs only
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Term
| Anti-Toxoplasmosis and Anti-Neosporosis Drugs |
|
Definition
Trimethoprim-sulfadiazine->15 mg/kg, bid 4 wks
Pyrimethamine (0.25-0.5 mg/kg)+sulfadiazine (30 mg/kg), bid, 4 wk
Clindamycin->10-20 mg/kg, PO, IM, bid for 3-6 wk
*preferred treatment
Ponazuril 7.5-15 mg/kg/d for 4 wk |
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Term
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Definition
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