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antidepressants
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57
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 3
08/29/2009

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Thrombolytics MOA
Definition
converts plasminogen to plasmin, an enzyme that acts to digest the fibrin matrix of clots
Term
Thrombolytics Indication
Definition
myocardial infarction, thrombotic stroke, DVT, pulmonary embolism
Term
Thrombolytics Contraindications
Definition
hemorrhagic d/o, ulcerative wounds
Term
Thrombolytic Side effects
Definition
hemorrhage, anemia, ulcerative colitis
Term
Thrombolytics nursing responsibility
Definition
- monitor VS: increase PR and decrease BP = blood loss and impending shock
- avoid venipuncture / arterial sticks
- monitor for ss/sx of anaphylactic reaction and bleeding
Term
Thrombolytics drug samples
Definition
streptokinase, alteplase recombinant
Term
Antiplatelet drug samples
Definition
aspirin, ticlopidine (Ticlid)
Term
Antiplatelet MOA
Definition
blocks prostaglandin synthesis which prevent formation of platelet aggregating substance thromboxane A2
Term
Antiplatelet Indication
Definition
  • prevention of thrombosis
  • reduction of risk of MI in patients with previous MI or unstable angina
  • transient ischemic attack
Term
Antiplatelet Contraindication
Definition
  • vitamin K deficiency
  • hemophilia
  • chronic rhinitis
  • chronic urticaria
  • CHF
  • peptic ulcer
Term
Antiplatelet Side effects
Definition
  • hypersensitivity reactions
  • anaphylactic shock
  • laryngeal edema
  • bronchospasm
  • urticaria rash
  • purplish red spots (petechiae)
  • bruising
  • nausea and vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • abdml cramps
Term
Antiplatelet   nrsg responsibility
Definition
  • MIO
  • monitor for chronic salicylate overdose
  • observe for signs of bleeding
  • salicylate hypersensitivity is more common in patient with asthma, hay fever, chronic urticaria, nasal polyps and perennial rhinitis
  • DC for 1week before surgery to reduce risk for bleeding
Term
Anticoagulant drug samples
Definition
  • warfarin (Coumadin)
  • heparin
  • enoxaparin (Lovenox)
Term
Anticoagulant MOA
Definition
  • inhibits Vit K dependent activation of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X, formed in the liver
  • increases the action of antithrombin which blocks the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Term
Anticoagulant Indication
Definition
  • pulmonary embolism r/t deep vein thrombosis
  • MI
  • rheumatic heart dse with heart valve damage
Term
Anticoagulant Contraindication
Definition
  • pt. with bleeding d/o
  • vit K deficiency
  • advance renal, kidney or liver dse
Term
Anticoagulant Side effects
Definition
  • hypersensitivity reaction
  • dermatitis
  • urticaria
  • pruritus
  • fever
  • bronchospasm
  • nausea and vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • abdml cramps
  • anorexia
Term
Anticoagulant Nursing Responsibility
Definition
  • MIO
  • monitor the pt. for signs of overt or hidden bleeding
  • monitor for signs of toxicity
  • be aware that protamine sulfate is the antidote for heparin and vit K for warfarin
Term
Angiotensin II Antagonists MOA
Definition

blocks binding of Angiotensin II to its receptor in the blood vessels to prevent vasoconstriction; and in the adrenal cortex to prevent release of aldosterone

Term
Angiotensin II Antagonists Drug Samples
Definition

"sartan"

  • losartan (Cozaar)
  • valsartan (Diovan)
  • irbesartan (Avapro)
  • telmisartan (Micardis)
Term
Angiotensin II Antagonists Side Effects
Definition
  • headache
  • dizziness
  • weakness
  • GI upset
  • URTI symptoms
  • dry skin
  • alopecia
Term
Angiotensin II Antagonists Nursing Considerations
Definition
  • monitor BP prior to each use
  • maintain hydration
  • administer without regard to meals
  • caution about exercising in hot weather
  • make sure female client is not pregnant before use. Use barrier method of contraception.
Term
ACE Inhibitors MOA
Definition

blocks conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by inhibiting ACE, resulting to dilation of peripheral blood vessels

Term
ACE Inhibitors Drug Samples
Definition

"pril"

  • benazepril (Lotensin)
  • captopril (Capoten)
  • enalapril (Vasotec)
  • lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril)
  • quinapril (Accupril)
Term
ACE Inhibitors Side Effects
Definition
  • hypotension
  • headache
  • dizziness
  • tachycardia
  • cough
  • rash
  • pruritis
  • neuropenia
  • agranulocytosis
  • hyperkalemia
Term
ACE Inhibitors Nursing Considerations
Definition
  • Monitor BP
  • Should be administered on an empty stomach; 1hr before meals
  • monitor client fo signs of infection
  • avoid excessive tea, coffee and colas
  • instruct to avoid intake of food with high amount of potassium
  • inform client that taste of food may be diminished during the first month of therapy
  • monitor bruising, petechiae or bleeding with captopril
Term
Direct Acting Arteriolar Vasodilators MOA
Definition

act by relaxing the smooth muscles of the blood vessels

Term
Direct Acting Arteriolar Vasodilators Drug Samples
Definition

For moderate to severe HPN

     Hydralazine HCL (Apresoline HCL)

     Minoxidil (Loniten, Rogaine)

For acute hypertensive emergency

     Nitroprusside Na (Nipride)

Term
Direct Acting Arteriolar Vasodilators Side Effects
Definition
  • tachycardia
  • palpitations
  • edema
  • nasal congestion
  • dizziness
  • GI bleeding
Term
Direct Acting Arteriolar Vasodilators Nursing Considerations
Definition
  • May give diuretics to reduce edema
  • excess hair growth for minoxidil
  • beta blockers can be given to counteract reflex tachycardia
Term
Alpha Adrenergic Blockers MOA
Definition
blocks the alpha adrenergic receptors, resulting in vasodilation and decrease in BP
Term
Calcium Channel Blockers MOA
Definition

blocks Ca access to the cells causing a decrease in contractility, decrease arteriolar constriction (vasodilation)

Term
Calcium Channel Blockers Indication
Definition
angina pectoris
Term
Calcium Channel Blockers Drug Samples
Definition
  • amlodipine (Norvasc)
  • felodipine (Plendil)
  • nicardipine (Cardene)
  • nifedipine (Procardia, Adalat)
  • diltiazem (Cardizem)
  • verapamil (Calan, Isoptin)
Term
Calcium Channel Blockers Side Effects
Definition
  • bradycardia
  • hypotension
  • headache
  • constipation
  • flushing of the skin
  • edema
  • changes in liver and kidney function
Term
Calcium Channel Blockers Nursing Considerations
Definition
  • monitor vital signs
  • monitor for the presence of side effects
  • instruct patient not to discontinue drug abruptly
Term
Alpha 1 and Beta 1 Adrenergic Blockers MOA
Definition
blocks alpha 1 and beta 1 receptors
Term
Alpha 1 and Beta 1 Adrenergic Blockers Drug Samples
Definition

labetalol (Normodipine)

carteolol (Cartrol)

Term
Alpha 1 and Beta 1 Adrenergic Blockers Side Effects
Definition
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • GI disturbances
  • nervousness
  • dry mouth
  • fatigue
Term
Alpha 1 and Beta 1 Adrenergic Blockers Nursing Considerations
Definition
  • use cautiously in patients with asthma
  • large doses may cause AV heart block
Term
Alpha Adrenergic Blockers Indication
Definition

treating hypertension in clients with lipid abnormalities

Term
Alpha Adrenergic Blockers Drug Examples
Definition

Selective Alpha 1 adrenergic blockers:

     prazosin HCL (Minipress)

     terazosin HCL (Hytrin)

     doxazosin HCL (Cardura)

Non-selective adrenergic blockers:

     phentolamine (Regitine)

Term
Alpha Adrenergic Blockers Side Effects
Definition
  • dizziness
  • drowsiness
  • headache
  • nausea and vomiting
  • dry mouth
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • reflex tachycardia
  • palpitation
Term
Alpha Adrenergic Blockers Nursing Considerations
Definition
  • monitor vital signs
  • change position slowly
  • comply with drug regimen
  • instruct client to report presence of edema
  • encourage to decrease salt intake
  • impotence may occur if high dosage is prescribed
Term
Central Alpha 2 Agonists MOA
Definition
stimulates alpha 2 adrenergic receptors resulting to a decrease in sympathetic outflow from the brain, decrease cardiac output and renin release
Term
Central Alpha 2 Agonists Drug Samples
Definition
  • methyldopa (Aldomet)
  • clonidine (Catapres)
  • guanfacine HCL (Tenex)
  • guanabenz acetate (Wytensin)
Term
Central Alpha 2 Agonists Side Effects
Definition
  • sedation
  • transient drowsiness
  • headache
  • dry mouth
  • constipation
  • hypotension
  • bradycardia
  • edema
Term
Central Alpha 2 Agonists Nursing Considerations
Definition
  • Catapres may be given to rapidly decrease BP in hypertensive emergencies
  • Recommend that last dose of the day be taken at bedtime
  • give medication with a snack
  • weigh patient daily
  • sugarless gum, sips of water may relieve dry mouth
  • do not discontinue abruptly to prevent hypertensive crisis
  • urine may darken in color
Term

Peripherally Acting Alpha Adrenergic Blockers MOA


Definition

block norepinephrine release from the sympathetic nerve endings causing a decrease in norepinephrine release --> decreased cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance --> lower BP

Term
Peripherally Acting Alpha Adrenergic Blockers Drug Samples
Definition
  • guanadrel (Hylorel)
  • guanethidine (Ismelin)
  • phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline)
  • phentolamine (Regitine)
  • prazosin (Minipress)
  • reserpine (Serpasil)
Term
Peripherally Acting Alpha Adrenergic Blockers Side Effects
Definition
  • hypotension
  • weight gain
  • salt and water retention
  • nasal congestion
  • GI disturbances
  • drowsiness
Term
Peripherally Acting Alpha Adrenergic Blockers Nursing Considerations
Definition
  • monitor vital signs
  • instruct client to change positions slowly
  • instruct client to monitor for edema due to Na and water retention.  Can be taken with a diuretic
  • Reserpine can cause depression, vivid dreams, nightmares and suicidal ideation, GI irritation and impotence
Term
Beta Adrenergic Blocking Agents MOA
Definition
blockage of beta 1 and beta 2 receptors therefore causing a decrease inotropy and chronotropy of the heart and renin release
Term
Beta Adrenergic Blocking Agents Drug Samples
Definition

"Olol"

Cardioselective

     acebutolol (Sectral)

     atenolol (Tenormin)

     metoprolol (Lopressor)

 

Nonselective

     nadolol (Corgard)

     penbutolol (Levatol)

     pindolol (Visken)

     propranolol (Inderal)

     timolol (Blocadren)

Term

Beta Adrenergic Blocking Agents Side Effects

Definition
  • bradycardia
  • bronchospasm
  • hypotension
  • weakness
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • agranulocytosis
  • impotence
Term
Beta Adrenergic Blocking Agents Indications
Definition
  • angina pectoris
  • cardiac dysrhythmias
  • symptoms of hyperthyroidism
Term
Beta Adrenergic Blocking Agents Nursing Considerations
Definition
  • monitor apical pulse for a full minute prior to administration of a drug.  Withhold medication if pulse is below 60 or more than 100bpm
  • monitor client for breathing difficulty or bradycardia
  • instruct client not to stop medication abruptly because rebound HTN, angina, dysrhythmias, and MI may occur
  • instruct client to change positions slowly
  • nonselective beta blockers inhibit the liver's ability to convert glycogen to glucose in response to hypoglycemia thus should be used with caution in clients with DM
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