Term
|
Definition
inhibit cell wall synthesis
cidal to actively growing bacteria
penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactam |
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Term
penicillin
(class, spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
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Definition
beta-lactam
some G+ and G-, relatively narrow spectrum
bind transpeptidases (PBPs), inhibit PG cross-linking, activate autolysins
cidal to actively growing
resisted by beta-lactamases, modification of PBPs, changes in permeability of G- OM |
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Term
cephalosporins
(class, spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
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Definition
beta-lactams
five gnerations with greater activity aginst G- and greater B-lactamase resistance
inhibit PG cross-linking
cidal to actively growing
resisted by enterococcal PBPs |
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Term
carbapenems
(class, spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
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Definition
beta-lactams
broad spectrum, effective vs. G+ and G-
inhibit PG cross-linking, induces autolysis, resistant to B-lactamases
cidal to actively growing
no known resistance mechanisms |
|
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Term
monobactam (azetronam)
(class, spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
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Definition
beta-lactam
effective via aerobic G-
inhibits PG cross-linking, induces autolysis, resistant to B-lactamases
cidal to actively growing
no known resistance mechanism |
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Term
|
Definition
inhibits cell wall synthesis
binds D-Ala repeat and inhibits PG transglycosylation
cidal to actively growing cells
vancomycin and telavancin |
|
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Term
vancomycin
(class, spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
glycopeptide
G+ only (too big for G-)
binds to D-Ala repeat of PG and inhibits transglycosylation
cidal to actively growing
resisted by change in 5th amino acid |
|
|
Term
telavancin
(class, spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
glycopeptide
G+ skin infections
binds D-Ala repeat and prevents PG transglycosylation
cidal to actively growing
resisted by changes in 5th amino acid |
|
|
Term
bacitracin
(class, spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
bacitracin family
G+ only (too big for G-)
inhibits dephosphorylation of bactoprenal phosphate, block transfer of Pg monomers across cell membrane
cidal to actively growing
resisted by G- OM |
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|
Term
|
Definition
inhibit cell wall synthesis
prevents recycling of bactoprenal phosphate and thereby inhibits transfer of PG monomers across cell membrane
cidal to actively growing
bacitacin is only member |
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|
Term
|
Definition
inhibits cell wall synthesis for mycobacteria
blocks mycolic acid synthesis
cidal drug
INH only member |
|
|
Term
INH
(class, spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
isoniazid
effective via mycobacteria
inhibits synthesis of mycolic acid
cidal
resisted by reduced uptake or alteration of target sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibits cell wall synthesis for mycobacetira
inhibits arabinoglactan synthesis
EMB is only member |
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|
Term
EMB
(class, spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
ethambutol
only mycobacteria
inhibits arabinoglactan synthesis
static
no known resistance mechanisms |
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|
Term
|
Definition
disrupt cell membrane
cidal
polymixin E (colistin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polymyxin
G- only, toxicity limitation
binds LPS, inserts into membrane and disrupts integrity causing permeability
cidal drug
no known resistance mechanism |
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|
Term
|
Definition
disrupts cell membrane
cidal drugs
daptomycin is only member |
|
|
Term
daptomycin
(class, spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
daptomycin family
G+ only (esp. for vancomycin reistanct)
incorporates into membrane in calcium-dependent manner, causes depolarization of membrane
cidal drug
no known resistance mechanisms |
|
|
Term
aminoglycosides (family)
(spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
broad against G+ and G- aerobes, req. O2 dependent transport
bind 30S irreversible, cause misread of mRNA and premature release of ribosome; inhibits protein synthesis
cidal drugs
resisted by plasmid drug-modifying enzymes, modification of target, changes in uptake
stretomycin |
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Term
|
Definition
streptomycin
gentamicin
tobramycin
amikacin |
|
|
Term
tetracyclines (family)
(spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
broad, G+ and G- intracellular
binds 30S, prevent stable binding of tRNA, blocks elongation and protein synthesis
static drugs
resisted by plasmid-borne efflux pump and changes in target |
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Term
|
Definition
tetracycline
doxycycline
tigecycline |
|
|
Term
chloramphenicol (family/member)
(spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms, members) |
|
Definition
broad, but toxicity limited; crosses BBB
bind 50S, inhibits peptide bond formation, inhibits protein synthesis
static drugs
resisted by acetyltransferase that modifies drug, mutation in G- porins that change uptake |
|
|
Term
macrolides (family)
(spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
primarily G+, alternative to penicillin
binds 50S, blocks peptide elongation by blocking translocation or transpeptidation, blocks protein synthesis
static drugs
resisted by efflux pumps, alteration in binding site, enzymatic modification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
erythromycin
azithromycin
clrithromycin |
|
|
Term
lincosamides (family)
(spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
mostly G+, a few G-, anaerobes
binds 50S, blocks peptide bond formation, inhibits protein synthesis
static drug
resisted by efflux pumps, alteration in binding site, enzymatic modification |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
oxazolidinones (family)
(spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
VRE and MRSA
bind 50S, inhibits intitiation step of protein synthesis
static drugs
no known resistance mechanism |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
streptogramins (family)
(spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
spect: vacomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium
bind 50S block protein synthesis at two steps in elongation, inhibit protein synthesis
static drug
no known resistance mechanism |
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Term
|
Definition
| dalfopristin + quinupristin = synercid |
|
|
Term
mupirocin (family/member)
(spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
S. aureus, toxic, only used topically
binds isoleucyl-tRNA synthase enzyme, blocks formation of Ile-tRNA, inhibits protein synthesis
cidal drugs
no known resistance mechanism |
|
|
Term
quinolones/fluoroquinolones (family)
(spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
broad range (most G- and lots of G+), poor against streptococci and staphylococci
binds to DNA gyrase (G-) or topoisomerase (G+) in complex with DNA, promotes DNA cleavage and interferes with supercoiling
cidal drugs
resisted by alteration of target DNA enzymes, changes in uptake via porins, efflux pumps |
|
|
Term
| quinolones/fluoroquinolones members |
|
Definition
ciprofloxacin
moxifloxacin
levofloxacin |
|
|
Term
nitromidazoles (family)
(spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
anaerobes, microaerophiles, some parasites
bacterial enzyme reduces drug's nitro group, active compound damages DNA
cidal drugs
no known resistance mechanism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
rifamycin (family)
(spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
mainly in combo therapy for TB, post-exposure prophylaxis for bacterial meningitis
binds beta-subunit of bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, inhibits transcription
cidal drugs
resisted by alteration in the RNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
refampin
rifabutin
rifaximin |
|
|
Term
sulfonamides (family)
(spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
broad spectrum
inhibit para-aminobenzoid acid conversion to DGP acid, stops nucleic acid synthesis, inhibits folic acid metabolism/synthesis
static alone, cidal with TMP
resistance develops quickly if used alone |
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|
Term
|
Definition
sulfamethoxazole (SMX)
sulfones (dapsone) |
|
|
Term
trimethoprim (family)
(spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
broad spectrum
inhibits DHP reductase, blocks folic acid synthesis
static alone, cidal with SMX
no known resistance mechanism |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
nitrofurantoin (family/member)
(spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
mostly for UTIs, usually recurrent
requires reduction inside bacteria, inhibits several metabolic processes
cidal drugs
no known resistance mechanism |
|
|
Term
PZA = pyrazinamide (family/member)
(spectrum, mechanism, static/cidal, resistance mechanisms) |
|
Definition
very narrow: mycobacterium tuberculosis
cleaved by bacterial enzyme (pyrazinamidase) to active form: pyrazinoic acid
cidal to actively growing, mostly static
resistance develops quickly if used alone, mutation in gene encoding bacterial enzyme |
|
|
Term
| inhibition of cell wall synthesis |
|
Definition
beta-lactams
glycopeptides
bacitracin
isoniazid
ethambutol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 30S protein synthesis inhibitors |
|
Definition
aminoglycosides
tetracyclines |
|
|
Term
| 50S protein synthesis inhibitors |
|
Definition
chloramphenicol
macrolides
lincosamides
oxazolidinones
streptogramins |
|
|
Term
| non-ribosomal protein synthesis inhibitors |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
quinolones/fluoroquinolones
metronidzole |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
sulfonamides
trimethoprims |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| semi-synthetic Beta-lactam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem |
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Term
|
Definition
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