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Antibiotics
N/A
164
Pharmacology
Professional
03/10/2011

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Natural penicillins are resistant to...
Definition
staphylococci
Term
Pen G is not used for...
Definition
meningitis (does not cross BBB)
Term
MOCN
Definition
anti-staphylococcal penicillins
(methicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, nafcillin)
Term
Amp/Amox
Definition
extended spectrum penicillins

UTIs, sinusitis, otitis, LRIs
Term
CTPM
Definition
anti-pseudomonal penicillins
(carbenicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, mezlocillin)
Term
MI
Definition
carbapenems
(meropenem, imipenem)
Term
DOC for enterobacter
Definition
imipenem (always given with cilastatin)
Term
aztreonam
Definition
monobactam; resistant to beta-lactamases; gram - rods; used for pts with PCN allergy/renal insufficiency
Term
no significant antibacterial activity by themselves (CST)
Definition
clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam
(beta-lactamase inhibitors)
Term
4 mechanisms of resistance for beta-lactams
Definition
1. must have cell wall
2. beta-lactamase
3. decreased permeability of the drug
4. PBP mutations
Term
cephalexin
Definition
Keflex
1st generation cephalosporin
Term
cefazolin
Definition
1st gen
Term
cefadroxil
Definition
1st gen
Term
cephalothin
Definition
1st gen
Term
cephapirin
Definition
1st gen
Term
cephradine
Definition
1st gen
Term
cefuroxime
Definition
2nd gen
Term
cefoxitin
Definition
2nd gen
Term
cefaclor
Definition
2nd gen
Term
cefprozil
Definition
2nd gen
Term
ceftriaxone
Definition
Rocephin
3rd gen
Term
cefotaxime
Definition
3rd gen
Term
ceftizoxime
Definition
3rd gen
Term
cefoperazone
Definition
3rd gen
Term
moxalactam
Definition
3rd gen
Term
ceftazidime
Definition
4th gen
Term
cefepime
Definition
4th gen
Term
____ gen cephalosporins are inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa whereas ____ gens are active against it.
Definition
2nd; 4th
Term
Penicillins (beta-lactams)...
Definition
inhibit cell wall synthesis
Term
cephalosporins...
Definition
inhibit cell wall mucopeptide synthesis
Term
1st gen cephalosporins do/do not penetrate CNS
Definition
do NOT
Term
cefuroxime used to treat
Definition
h. influenzae
Term
cefoxitin used to treat
Definition
bacteroides fragilis
Term
1st-->4th gen cephalosporins
Definition
gram + --> gram -
Term
DOC for N. gonorrheae
Definition
ceftriaxone
Term
Which generation of cephalosporins do you use for meningitis?
Definition
3rd
Term
tetracyclines are cidal/static
Definition
static
Term
tetracyclines bind to
Definition
30S and block access of acyl-tRNA
Term
resistance with tetracyclines
Definition
bacteria have both intake and efflux system--drug can't accumulate inside bacteria
Term
DOC for chlamydia
Definition
doxycycline
Term
DOC for mycoplasma pneumoniae
Definition
doxycycline
Term
What class of drugs are known for causing a superinfection with C. difficile?
Definition
tetracyclines
Term
tetracycline contraindications
Definition
children, pregnant women (teeth, bone abnormalities)
Term
tetracycline drug interactions
Definition
OCPs, antacids, PCN
Term
What is special about the clearance of doxycycline?
Definition
chelated in feces whereas other tetracyclines undergo liver/kidney metabolism
Term
used to treat cholera
Definition
tetracyclines
Term
fluoroquinolones are cidal/static
Definition
cidal
Term
MOA for fluoroquinolones
Definition
inhibit DNA gyrase-->cleavage of DNA
Term
used to treat anthrax
Definition
fluoroquinolones
Term
cause erosion of cartilage leading to tendinitis and tendon rupture for older pts
Definition
fluoroquinolones
Term
fluoroquinolone contraindications
Definition
<18 years old, pregnant/nursing mothers
Term
chloramphenicol is cidal/static
Definition
static
Term
MOA for chloramphenicol
Definition
inhibits protein synthesis
Term
chloramphenicol binds to
Definition
50S and inhibits peptidyl transferase reaction
Term
chloramphenicol is used for...
Definition
life-threatening infections in which there is no alternative (salmonella typhi, h. influenzae)
Term
MOA for metronidazole
Definition
forms cytotoxic compounds that damage proteins and DNA
Term
DOC for amebiasis, giardia, and trichomonas
Definition
metronidazole
Term
What drug causes disulfiram-like effect if ingested with alcohol?
Definition
metronidazole
Term
inhibits staph. isoleucyl tRNA synthetase
Definition
mupirocin
Term
specific drug for UTIs (no systemic absorption)
Definition
nitrofurantoin
Term
bactericidal for mycobacteria, 1st line for TB (with others), triple therapy for leprosy
Definition
rifampin
Term
discolors urine, tears, contact lenses
Definition
rifampin
Term
vancomycin is cidal/static
Definition
cidal
Term
MOA for vancomycin
Definition
inhibits cell wall synthesis; inhibits RNA sythesis
Term
ursed for serious gram + multidrug-resistant organisms (MRSA, C. diff, etc)
Definition
vancomycin
Term
vancomycin toxicity
Definition
nephrotoxic
ototoxic
thrombophlebtitis
"red man syndrome"
Term
What do you use to treat methicillin/vancomycin-resistant staph?
Definition
linezolid
Term
used to treat spirochetes (ex: treponema--syphilis)
Definition
pen G
Term
inhibit folic acid synthesis (compete with PABA)
Definition
sulfisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole
Term
inhibits folic acid conversion to purines and pyrimidines
Definition
trimethoprim
Term
MOA for SMZ-TMP
Definition
combo produces synergistic inhibition because two sequential steps in folic acid pathway are blocked
Term
DOC for Pneumocystitic carinii pneumonia
Definition
SMZ-TMP or co-trimoxazole
Term
prophylaxis for travelers' diarrhea
Definition
Bactrim
Term
cause Stenven's-Johnson syndrome
Definition
sulfonamides
Term
aminoglycosides are cidal/static
Definition
cidal
Term
aminoglycosides bind to...
Definition
30S and block translocation of mRNA chain
Term
used for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococcal endocarditis, viridans endocarditis
Definition
aminoglycosides
Term
2nd line for TB
Definition
streptomycin (aminoglycoside)
Term
aminoglycoside mainly employed for severe infections
Definition
gentamicin
Term
doses must be matched to creatnine clearance to avoid severe toxicity
Definition
aminoglycosides
Term
can cause ototoxicity (hearing loss, vertigo)
Definition
aminoglycosides
Term
Why do aminoglycosides have a synergistic effect with beta-lactams?
Definition
beta-lactams cause damage to the cell wall which allows aminoglycoside to get into the cell
Term
aminoglycosides must be given...
Definition
parenterally
Term
macrolides
Definition
erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
Term
MOA for macrolides
Definition
inhibit protein synthesis
Term
macrolides bind to
Definition
50S and change "A" site to "P" site
Term
used to treat chlamydial infections during pregnancy
Definition
erythromycin
Term
DOC for h. pylori
Definition
clarithromycin
Term
preferred for chlamydia trachomatis and h. influenzae
Definition
azithromycin
Term
macrolide contraindications
Definition
hepatic dysfunction (drug accumulates in liver)
Term
drugs that interfere with warfarin
Definition
macrolides, ketaconazole, griseofulvin
Term
macrolides do/do not penetrate CSF
Definition
do NOT
Term
MOA for clindamycin
Definition
binds 50S and inhibits translocation
Term
C. diff is always resistant to
Definition
clindamycin
Term
active against gram + cocci including many multidrug-resistant strains
Definition
streptogramins
Term
given IV as a combined therapy
Definition
streptogramin A and B
Term
first line treatment for TB
Definition
isoniazid (INH)
rifampin
pyrazinamide
ethambutol
Term
anti-TB drug that can impair color vision
Definition
ethambutol
Term
useful in treating mycobacterium avium complex
Definition
Rifabutin
Term
alternate drugs for TB
Definition
clarithromycin, azithromycin
Term
MOA for amphotericin B
Definition
binds ergosterol in fungal cell membrane
Term
DOC for systemic mycoses (fungal meningitis)
Definition
amphotericin B
Term
"swish and swallow" for oral thrush
Definition
nystatin
Term
3 drugs used for topical treatment of superficial mycoses (athlete's foot, vaginitis, etc.)
Definition
clotrimazole, miconazole, econazole
Term
MOA for griseofulvin
Definition
inhibits microtubules
Term
used for resistant fungal infection and superficial ring worm infection
Definition
griseofulvin
Term
MOA for ketoconazole
Definition
interferes with ergosterol synthesis; fungistatic
Term
oral med used for superficial fungal infections
Definition
ketaconazole
Term
side effects of ketaconazole
Definition
hepatotoxicity possible
endocrine effects (gynecomastia, decreased libido, impotence, menstrual irregularities)
Term
oral med to treat vaginal candidiasis or IV med to treat fungal meningitis
Definition
fluconazole/itraconazole
Term
Which antifungal has better CSF penetration than ketaconazole?
Definition
fluconazole/itraconazole
Term
MOA for amantadine and rimantadine
Definition
inhibit uncoating of viral nucleic acids, inhibit viral replication
Term
used for RNA viruses and type A influenza prophylaxis
Definition
amantadine, rimantadine
Term
used for bird flu (H5N1) and H1N1
Definition
oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
Term
used for ocular HSV
Definition
trifluridine
Term
used for HSV and vericella-zoster infections in the eye; dissolved in DMSO
Definition
idoxuridine (Herplex)
Term
used for HSV in neonates, herpes associated encephalitis, and varicella-zoster in AIDS pts
Definition
vidarabine (Vira-A)
Term
2nd line drug for HSV (after acyclovir)
Definition
vidarabine (Vira-A)
Term
MOA for acyclovir
Definition
inhibits viral DNA polymerase
Term
acyclovir is given...
Definition
IV
Term
valacyclovir is given...
Definition
PO (higher bioavailability than acyclovir)
Term
used for CMV
Definition
ganciclovir and valganciclovir
Term
drug interaction with ganciclovir
Definition
zidovudine (myelosuppressive effect)
Term
side effects of ganciclovir
Definition
bone marrow suppression, possible carcinogenic/teratogenic effects
Term
2nd line for CMV eye infection in immunocompromised pts
Definition
foscarnet
Term
side effects of foscarnet
Definition
serious nephrotoxicity
Term
used for viral respiratory infections including influenza and RSV, early Lassa fever, and hep B
Definition
ribavirin
Term
MOA for ribavirin
Definition
adenosine/guanosine analog; inhibits viral mRNA synthesis
Term
used for hep B and C, Kaposi sarcoma, and hairy cell leukemia
Definition
interferon (IFN)
Term
MOA of interferon
Definition
inhibits translation of viral mRNA
Term
prophylaxis for erythrocytic forms of P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae
Definition
chloroquine
Term
used for P. vivax and P. ovale
Definition
primaquine
Term
antimalarials that inhibit separate steps in the folate pathway resulting in synergistic inhibition of DNA synthesis
Definition
sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine
Term
DOC for prevention and treatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria
Definition
mefloquine
Term
used to treat PCP and toxoplasmosis
Definition
atovaquone
Term
used for GI nematodes (roundworms), ascaris, hookworms
Definition
mebendazole (Vermix)
albendazole (Zental)
Term
useful in humans as an alternative to mebendazole; highly effective against ancylostoma, N. americanus, and trichostongylus
Definition
pyrantel pamoate
Term
Which benzimidazole can be lethal if given parenterally?
Definition
pyrantel pamoate
Term
causes paralysis of parasite skeletal muscle, so parasites are expelled alive
Definition
piperazine (Vermizine)
Term
inexpensive 2nd choice for roundworm and pinworm infections
Definition
piperazine (Vermizine)
Term
DOC for mass control and treatment of river blindness (onchocerciasis)
Definition
ivermectin
Term
ivermectin contraindications
Definition
children <5
pregnant women
pts with meningitis
Term
immobilizes affected nematodes and some insects by inducing a tonic paralysis of their musculature
Definition
ivermectin
Term
used to treat American trypanosomiases (Charga's disease--T. cruzi infections)
Definition
nifurtimox and benznidazole
Term
inhibits parasite energy production
Definition
suramin
Term
very toxic (especially in malnourished pts)
Definition
suramin
Term
________ is used to treat trypanosomiasis when CNS is not involved where _______ is used to treat it when CNS is involved.
Definition
suramin; melarsoprol
Term
used (with suramin) to treat T. brucei gambiense
Definition
pentamidine
Term
2nd line for Leishmania donovani
Definition
pentamidine
Term
causes increased muscular activity followed by contraction and spastic paralysis; affected worms detach from host tissue
Definition
praziquantel
Term
used for schistosomiasis and liver fluke infections
Definition
praziquantel
Term
praziquantel contraindications
Definition
children < 4
pregnant women
pts with ocular cysticercosis (tapeworm)
Term
used for tapeworm infestations
Definition
niclosamide
Term
used in other countries to treat trichomoniasis
Definition
tinidazole
Term
was used to treat malaria but is not used for treating giardiasis
Definition
quinacrine
Term
Which antiparasitic can cause yellowing skin, black/blue nails, and exacerbation of psoriasis?
Definition
quinacrine
Term
can facilitate extraction of adult guinea worms in dracunculiasis
Definition
metronidazole
Term
antiparasitic that should be used with caution in concomitant CNS diseases; considered safe during pregnancy at therapeutic doses
Definition
metronidazole
Term
luminal amebicide used in combo with metronidazole for amebiasis
Definition
diloxanide furoate (Furamide)
Term
diloxanide furoate contraindications
Definition
pregnant women
Term
systemic amebicide
Definition
dehydroemetine
Term
used for amebiasis but is ineffective against extraintestinal parasite forms
Definition
paromomycin
Term
luminal amebicide and aminoglycoside
Definition
paromomycin
Term
DOC for toxoplasmosis
Definition
pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (Fansidar)
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