Term
| Natural penicillins are resistant to... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| meningitis (does not cross BBB) |
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Term
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Definition
anti-staphylococcal penicillins
(methicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, nafcillin) |
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Term
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Definition
extended spectrum penicillins
UTIs, sinusitis, otitis, LRIs |
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Term
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Definition
anti-pseudomonal penicillins
(carbenicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, mezlocillin) |
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Term
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Definition
carbapenems
(meropenem, imipenem) |
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Term
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Definition
| imipenem (always given with cilastatin) |
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Term
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Definition
| monobactam; resistant to beta-lactamases; gram - rods; used for pts with PCN allergy/renal insufficiency |
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Term
| no significant antibacterial activity by themselves (CST) |
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Definition
clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam
(beta-lactamase inhibitors) |
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Term
| 4 mechanisms of resistance for beta-lactams |
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Definition
1. must have cell wall
2. beta-lactamase
3. decreased permeability of the drug
4. PBP mutations |
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Term
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Definition
Keflex
1st generation cephalosporin |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ____ gen cephalosporins are inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa whereas ____ gens are active against it. |
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Definition
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Term
| Penicillins (beta-lactams)... |
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Definition
| inhibit cell wall synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit cell wall mucopeptide synthesis |
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Term
| 1st gen cephalosporins do/do not penetrate CNS |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 1st-->4th gen cephalosporins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which generation of cephalosporins do you use for meningitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| tetracyclines are cidal/static |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 30S and block access of acyl-tRNA |
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Term
| resistance with tetracyclines |
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Definition
| bacteria have both intake and efflux system--drug can't accumulate inside bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| DOC for mycoplasma pneumoniae |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of drugs are known for causing a superinfection with C. difficile? |
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Definition
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Term
| tetracycline contraindications |
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Definition
| children, pregnant women (teeth, bone abnormalities) |
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Term
| tetracycline drug interactions |
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Definition
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Term
| What is special about the clearance of doxycycline? |
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Definition
| chelated in feces whereas other tetracyclines undergo liver/kidney metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| fluoroquinolones are cidal/static |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit DNA gyrase-->cleavage of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cause erosion of cartilage leading to tendinitis and tendon rupture for older pts |
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Definition
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Term
| fluoroquinolone contraindications |
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Definition
| <18 years old, pregnant/nursing mothers |
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Term
| chloramphenicol is cidal/static |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| 50S and inhibits peptidyl transferase reaction |
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Term
| chloramphenicol is used for... |
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Definition
| life-threatening infections in which there is no alternative (salmonella typhi, h. influenzae) |
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Term
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Definition
| forms cytotoxic compounds that damage proteins and DNA |
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Term
| DOC for amebiasis, giardia, and trichomonas |
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Definition
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Term
| What drug causes disulfiram-like effect if ingested with alcohol? |
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Definition
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Term
| inhibits staph. isoleucyl tRNA synthetase |
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Definition
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Term
| specific drug for UTIs (no systemic absorption) |
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Definition
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Term
| bactericidal for mycobacteria, 1st line for TB (with others), triple therapy for leprosy |
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Definition
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Term
| discolors urine, tears, contact lenses |
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Definition
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Term
| vancomycin is cidal/static |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits cell wall synthesis; inhibits RNA sythesis |
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Term
| ursed for serious gram + multidrug-resistant organisms (MRSA, C. diff, etc) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
nephrotoxic
ototoxic
thrombophlebtitis
"red man syndrome" |
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Term
| What do you use to treat methicillin/vancomycin-resistant staph? |
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Definition
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Term
| used to treat spirochetes (ex: treponema--syphilis) |
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Definition
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Term
| inhibit folic acid synthesis (compete with PABA) |
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Definition
| sulfisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole |
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Term
| inhibits folic acid conversion to purines and pyrimidines |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| combo produces synergistic inhibition because two sequential steps in folic acid pathway are blocked |
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Term
| DOC for Pneumocystitic carinii pneumonia |
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Definition
| SMZ-TMP or co-trimoxazole |
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Term
| prophylaxis for travelers' diarrhea |
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Definition
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Term
| cause Stenven's-Johnson syndrome |
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Definition
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Term
| aminoglycosides are cidal/static |
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Definition
|
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Term
| aminoglycosides bind to... |
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Definition
| 30S and block translocation of mRNA chain |
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Term
| used for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococcal endocarditis, viridans endocarditis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| streptomycin (aminoglycoside) |
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Term
| aminoglycoside mainly employed for severe infections |
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Definition
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Term
| doses must be matched to creatnine clearance to avoid severe toxicity |
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Definition
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Term
| can cause ototoxicity (hearing loss, vertigo) |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do aminoglycosides have a synergistic effect with beta-lactams? |
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Definition
| beta-lactams cause damage to the cell wall which allows aminoglycoside to get into the cell |
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Term
| aminoglycosides must be given... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibit protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| 50S and change "A" site to "P" site |
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Term
| used to treat chlamydial infections during pregnancy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| preferred for chlamydia trachomatis and h. influenzae |
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Definition
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Term
| macrolide contraindications |
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Definition
| hepatic dysfunction (drug accumulates in liver) |
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Term
| drugs that interfere with warfarin |
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Definition
| macrolides, ketaconazole, griseofulvin |
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Term
| macrolides do/do not penetrate CSF |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| binds 50S and inhibits translocation |
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Term
| C. diff is always resistant to |
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Definition
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Term
| active against gram + cocci including many multidrug-resistant strains |
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Definition
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Term
| given IV as a combined therapy |
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Definition
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Term
| first line treatment for TB |
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Definition
isoniazid (INH)
rifampin
pyrazinamide
ethambutol |
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Term
| anti-TB drug that can impair color vision |
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Definition
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Term
| useful in treating mycobacterium avium complex |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| clarithromycin, azithromycin |
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Term
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Definition
| binds ergosterol in fungal cell membrane |
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Term
| DOC for systemic mycoses (fungal meningitis) |
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Definition
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Term
| "swish and swallow" for oral thrush |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 drugs used for topical treatment of superficial mycoses (athlete's foot, vaginitis, etc.) |
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Definition
| clotrimazole, miconazole, econazole |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| used for resistant fungal infection and superficial ring worm infection |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| interferes with ergosterol synthesis; fungistatic |
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Term
| oral med used for superficial fungal infections |
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Definition
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Term
| side effects of ketaconazole |
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Definition
hepatotoxicity possible
endocrine effects (gynecomastia, decreased libido, impotence, menstrual irregularities) |
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Term
| oral med to treat vaginal candidiasis or IV med to treat fungal meningitis |
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Definition
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Term
| Which antifungal has better CSF penetration than ketaconazole? |
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Definition
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Term
| MOA for amantadine and rimantadine |
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Definition
| inhibit uncoating of viral nucleic acids, inhibit viral replication |
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Term
| used for RNA viruses and type A influenza prophylaxis |
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Definition
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Term
| used for bird flu (H5N1) and H1N1 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| used for HSV and vericella-zoster infections in the eye; dissolved in DMSO |
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Definition
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Term
| used for HSV in neonates, herpes associated encephalitis, and varicella-zoster in AIDS pts |
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Definition
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Term
| 2nd line drug for HSV (after acyclovir) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits viral DNA polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| PO (higher bioavailability than acyclovir) |
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Term
|
Definition
| ganciclovir and valganciclovir |
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Term
| drug interaction with ganciclovir |
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Definition
| zidovudine (myelosuppressive effect) |
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Term
| side effects of ganciclovir |
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Definition
| bone marrow suppression, possible carcinogenic/teratogenic effects |
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Term
| 2nd line for CMV eye infection in immunocompromised pts |
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Definition
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Term
| side effects of foscarnet |
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Definition
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Term
| used for viral respiratory infections including influenza and RSV, early Lassa fever, and hep B |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| adenosine/guanosine analog; inhibits viral mRNA synthesis |
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Term
| used for hep B and C, Kaposi sarcoma, and hairy cell leukemia |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibits translation of viral mRNA |
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Term
| prophylaxis for erythrocytic forms of P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae |
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Definition
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Term
| used for P. vivax and P. ovale |
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Definition
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Term
| antimalarials that inhibit separate steps in the folate pathway resulting in synergistic inhibition of DNA synthesis |
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Definition
| sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine |
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Term
| DOC for prevention and treatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria |
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Definition
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Term
| used to treat PCP and toxoplasmosis |
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Definition
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Term
| used for GI nematodes (roundworms), ascaris, hookworms |
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Definition
mebendazole (Vermix)
albendazole (Zental) |
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Term
| useful in humans as an alternative to mebendazole; highly effective against ancylostoma, N. americanus, and trichostongylus |
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Definition
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Term
| Which benzimidazole can be lethal if given parenterally? |
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Definition
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Term
| causes paralysis of parasite skeletal muscle, so parasites are expelled alive |
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Definition
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Term
| inexpensive 2nd choice for roundworm and pinworm infections |
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Definition
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Term
| DOC for mass control and treatment of river blindness (onchocerciasis) |
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Definition
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Term
| ivermectin contraindications |
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Definition
children <5
pregnant women
pts with meningitis |
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Term
| immobilizes affected nematodes and some insects by inducing a tonic paralysis of their musculature |
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Definition
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Term
| used to treat American trypanosomiases (Charga's disease--T. cruzi infections) |
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Definition
| nifurtimox and benznidazole |
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Term
| inhibits parasite energy production |
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Definition
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Term
| very toxic (especially in malnourished pts) |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is used to treat trypanosomiasis when CNS is not involved where _______ is used to treat it when CNS is involved. |
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Definition
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Term
| used (with suramin) to treat T. brucei gambiense |
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Definition
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Term
| 2nd line for Leishmania donovani |
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Definition
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Term
| causes increased muscular activity followed by contraction and spastic paralysis; affected worms detach from host tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| used for schistosomiasis and liver fluke infections |
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Definition
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Term
| praziquantel contraindications |
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Definition
children < 4
pregnant women
pts with ocular cysticercosis (tapeworm) |
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Term
| used for tapeworm infestations |
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Definition
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Term
| used in other countries to treat trichomoniasis |
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Definition
|
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Term
| was used to treat malaria but is not used for treating giardiasis |
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Definition
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Term
| Which antiparasitic can cause yellowing skin, black/blue nails, and exacerbation of psoriasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| can facilitate extraction of adult guinea worms in dracunculiasis |
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Definition
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Term
| antiparasitic that should be used with caution in concomitant CNS diseases; considered safe during pregnancy at therapeutic doses |
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Definition
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Term
| luminal amebicide used in combo with metronidazole for amebiasis |
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Definition
| diloxanide furoate (Furamide) |
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Term
| diloxanide furoate contraindications |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| used for amebiasis but is ineffective against extraintestinal parasite forms |
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Definition
|
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Term
| luminal amebicide and aminoglycoside |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (Fansidar) |
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