Term
| What two drugs inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan units? |
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Definition
| Vancomycin and Bacitracin, also the Beta lactams inhibit cross linking of linear peptidoglycan strands (includes the Penicillins and Cephalosporins) |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of action for Vancomycin? |
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Definition
| Inhibits peptidoglycan formation |
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Term
| What is the spectrum for Vancomycin? |
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Definition
| Vancomycin is narrow spectrum, G + |
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Term
| Is Vancomycin absorbed in the GI tract? |
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Definition
| No, and it is usually given IV |
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Term
| How is Vancomycin eliminated from the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| List any toxicity associated with Vancomycin |
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Definition
| Nephrotoxic, and hearing loss |
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Term
| What drugs would you use against Vancomycin resistant microbes? |
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Definition
| Quinopristin/ Dalfopristin, Linezolid -> for Vancomycin resistant organisms |
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Term
| Describe the distribution of Vancomycin in the body |
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Definition
| Distributes to most body fluids, but NOT to the CNS |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of action for Bacitracin? |
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Definition
| Bacitracin inhibits peptidoglycan formation |
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Term
| What spectrum is Bacitracin? |
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Definition
| Bacitracin is useful against G + organisms |
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Term
| Describe the absorption/distribution of Bacitracin |
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Definition
| Not absorbed from the GI tract (can be used for GI infections), nephrotoxic- generally limited to topical use |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of action of the Beta Lactam group? |
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Definition
| Beta Lactams inhibit cross linking of linear peptidoglycan strands |
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Term
| Describe the distribution of Penicillin in the body. |
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Definition
| Penicillins do not distribute well to CNS (unless meninges are inflamed), everything else is OK |
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Term
| How is Penicillin eliminated from the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Penicillins are broad spectrum? |
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Definition
| Broad spectrum penicillins include Amoxacillin, Ticarcillin and Piperacillin |
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Term
| Which Penicillins are NOT sensitive to Penicillinase? |
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Definition
| Methicillin, Dicloxacillin and Nafcillin |
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Term
| Name the most common enzyme that opens Beta-lactam rings |
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Definition
| Transpeptidase (covalently binds to beta-lactam, so can be titrated down) |
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Term
| Describe Penicillin Binding Proteins (PBPs) |
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Definition
| PBPs are proteins from the terminal stages of cell wall assembly that are inhibited by Beta Lactams. Transpeptidase is one of these. |
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Term
| Which is more readily absorbed, Pen V oral or Pen G oral? |
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Definition
| Pen V oral is more readily absorbed than Pen G oral (although Pen G IM creates even higher blood concentrations, briefly) |
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Term
| Name two Beta-Lactamase inhibitors |
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Definition
| Clavulonic acid and Tazobactam |
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Term
| Augmentin is a combination of what two compounds? |
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Definition
| Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid |
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|
Term
| Describe the adverse effects of Azlocillin |
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Definition
| Azlocillin can cause some GI upset, also Bone Marrow supression. It is a broad spectrum penicillin |
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Term
| Which antibiotics are effective against anerobes? |
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Definition
| Piperacillin, clindamycin, Imipenem and 3rd generation cephalosporins |
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Term
| What effect do penicillinases have on Cephalosporins? |
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Definition
| Cephalosporins are resistant to Beta-Lactamases |
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Term
| Name the third generation Cephalosporins. What special group of microbes are they effective against? |
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Definition
| They are Cefotaxime and Cefixime, and are effective against anerobes. |
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Term
| Name the first generation Cephalosporins. Do they distribute well to the CNS? |
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Definition
| First Gen: Cephalexin (oral) and Cephazolin (IM). They do NOT distribute well to the CNS. |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of the Cephalosporins? |
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Definition
| Cephalosporins can cause bone marrow supression, and RENAL TOXICITY- especially when given with an aminoglycoside! |
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