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Antibiotics I
antibiotics
16
Pharmacology
Graduate
09/22/2010

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Beta-lactams
Definition

B-lactams act by preventing formation of pentaglycine bridge in peptidoglycan

Examples: monobactam, penicillin, cephalosporin/cephamycin, B-lactamase inhibitor, and carbapenem

Term
Natural PCNs: G and V
Definition

Spectrum: gram positive aerobic organisms that don't make B-lactamase like Streptococcos spp

some gram neg organisms: Neisseria meningitidis 

some gram pos and gram neg anaerobes: actinomyces spp, fusobacterium spp

Term
Aminopenicillins: Ampicillin and amoxicillin
Definition

same as PCN G (gram pos orgs which do not make b- lactamase, strep spp, some gram neg: Neiss menin), some gram pos and gram neg anaerobes - actinomycets and fusobacterium


AND some more gram neg: 

Haemophilus influenzae (~65%) and E. coli (~50%) which are not susceptible to PCN G

Term
Penicillinase-resistant PCNS: oxacillin and nafcillin
Definition

methicillin - susceptible Staph spp which DO make B-lactamase

 

S. Aureus (MSSA)

S. epidermidis (MSSE)

 

NOT MRSA, or MRSE

Term
Ureidopenicillins: piperacillin
Definition
  • gram pos aeorobic organisms that don't make b- lactmase, like strep
  • some gram neg orgs - neiss meningitis
  • some gram pos and gram neg anaerobes - actinomyces and fusobacterium
  • many more gram neg orgs: H. influenzae, enterobacteriaceae (klebsiella), Pseudomonas aeruuoginosa, Neisseria gonnorhoeae
  • not active vs. staph spp
Term
Beta-lactam/Beta-lactamase inhibitor antibiotics: amoxicillin/clavulanate, ampicillin/sulbactam, ticarcillin/clavulanate and piperacillin/tazobactam
Definition

  • amox/clavulanate and ampicillin/sulbact not active vs pseudomonas  but active vs staph (NOT MRSA or MRSE)
  • tic/clav and pip/tazo are active against pseudomonas and against staph but MRSA or MRSE
  • active against aerobic gram neg rods
  • aerobic gram pos cocci
  • anaerobes

Term
Cephalosporins (1st generation): cefazolin
Definition

  • gram pos aerobic orgs, strep
  • gram neg - neiss menin
  • gram pos and neg anaerobes; actinomycetes and fusobacterium
  • Methicilin-suscept staph spp: S. aureus and S. epidermidis
  • some gram neg: E.coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. mirablilis
  • NOT haemophilus spp
  • NOT enterococcus spp
  • NOT MRSA
  • and ok vs anaerobes

Term
Oxime cephalosporins (advanced): cefatriaxone, cefotaxime, and cefepime 
Definition

gram pos bacteria

gram neg bacteria: most enterobacteria, haemophilus, and not pseudomonas

Term
Ceftazidime
Definition

anti-pseudomonal cephalosporin

the pyridine group increases activity vs pseudomonas aeurginosa by increasing poirn channel penetration

poor gram pos activity

gram neg activity: MOST enterobacteriaceae, most pseudomonas, and haemophilus

Term
Cefepime
Definition

- more broad spectrum cephalosporin than ceftazidime because good gram positive activity

gram neg bacteria: most enterobacteriaceae, most pseudomonas, and haemophilus

use in treating nosocomial gram neg bacillary infection (pneumonia due to resis. org) 

serious pseudomonas infection

Term
Carbapenems: imipenem and meropenem
Definition

they have a trans hydroxylethyl side chain attached to B-lactam ring for B-lactamase stability

avidly binds to high MW PBPs (avidly) esp PBP2

very broad spectrum: enterobacteriace, pseudomonas spp, gram pos cocci, anaerobes

Term
Ertapenem
Definition

has benzoate moiety: changes overall molecular charge, making it more bound to protein and thus increasing half life

long half-life, so can administer once daily

very broad spectrum: enterobacteriaceae, NOT pseudomonas spp, gram + cocci but not enterococcus spp, and anaerobes

Term
Doripenem
Definition

very broad spectrum: enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas spp - more active than imi and meropenem

greater activity vs non fermenters

gram pos cocci

anaerobes

Term
When would you use imipenem, meropenem, and doripenem? 
Definition

During life-threatening infections

nosocomial gram-bacillary infections: pneumonia due to resis org

polymicrobial infections, especially when resistant organisms present, like in necrotizing fasciitis, potentially

Term
Aztreonam
Definition

monobactam

monocyclic B-lactam ring

binds to PBP 3 in GNRods

the propylcarboyl group stabilizes it in P. aeruginosa

no activity vs gram pos, and anaerobes

no cross allergenicity to B-lactams

 

spectrum: aerobic gram neg bacilli including pseudomonas aeruginosa

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