Term
| Which anti-malarial agents work in the RBC? |
|
Definition
| Chloroquine, Mefloquine, Quinine |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Chloroquine? |
|
Definition
| Weak base that becomes concentrated in the acidic digestive vacuoles of plasmodia; inhibits heme polymerization, causing a buildup of toxic heme |
|
|
Term
| How is Chloroquine administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does plasmodia develop resistance to Chloroquine? |
|
Definition
| Decreases the concentration of drug in the vacuoles, actively extrudes the drug |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Chloroquine? |
|
Definition
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Nerve deafeness
- Psychosis
- Retinal damage
- Rash (Steven's Johnson syndrome)
|
|
|
Term
| Which drugs are used prophylactically? |
|
Definition
- Mefloquine
- Doxycycline
- Atovaquone (+ Proguanil)
|
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Mefloquine? |
|
Definition
| Same as Chloroquine but is used prophylactically |
|
|
Term
| Which drug is used for Chloroquine resistant strains of plasmodia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Quinine? |
|
Definition
| Concentrates in the vacuoles of plasmodia and alters digestion of hemoglobin, binds to DNA |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Quinine? |
|
Definition
- Fetal damage
- Cinchonism:
- Blurred vision
- Tinnitus
- Hearing loss
- Arrhythmias
- GI effects
- Increase in insulin release
- Hemolysis in G6PD deficient patients
|
|
|
Term
| Which agents are used to treat latent malarial infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Primaquine? |
|
Definition
| Causes oxidative damage to plasmodium |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Primaquine? |
|
Definition
| Hemolysis in G6PD deficient patients |
|
|
Term
| Which agents inhibit plasmodial replication? |
|
Definition
- Proguanil
- Trimethoprim
- Pyrimethamine
- Doxycycline
|
|
|
Term
| Sulfa drugs are often used in combination with which drugs to inhibit plasmodium replication? |
|
Definition
| Proguanil, Trimethoprim, Pyrimethamine |
|
|
Term
| What is Fansidar and what is it used for? |
|
Definition
Sulfadoxine (sulfa drug) + Pyrimethamine
Inhibits plasmodium replication |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of Atovaquone? |
|
Definition
| Inhibits electron transport in plasmodium mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of Atovaquone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Artemisin drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of the Artemisinin drugs? |
|
Definition
| Prodrugs that are converted to active form by iron in RBCs, inhibit plasmodium Ca ATPase and form free radicals |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects of the Artemisinins? |
|
Definition
| Neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity |
|
|
Term
| How do Proguanil, Trimethoprim, and Pyrimethamine inhibit plasmodium replication? |
|
Definition
| Inhibit dihydrofolate reductase to prevent purine synthesis in plasmodia |
|
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