Bacteriostatic

Allows the body's natural defenses time to destroy microorganisms through inhibition of bacterial growth

Bactericidal

Kills bacterial microorganisms

Seven Therepeutic Classes

Antibacterials

Not synthesized from microorganisms; usually bacteriostatic, some considered bactericidal; consists of sulfonomides and other agents 

SE: photosensitivity, allergy

 Sulfacetamide (Sulamyd®)

Antibacterial Sulfonamide (Sulfa Agent)

Sulfamethoxazole (Gantanol®)

Antibacterial Sulfonamide (Sulfa Agent)

Acetic Acid (VoSol®)

Antibacterial (Other)

Povidone - Iodine (Betadine®, Medicated douches)

Antibacterial (other)

Hexachlorphen (pHisoHex®)

Antibacterial (other)

Urinary Anti-Infectives

Used for UTIs; concentrate in urine

Nirofurantoin (Macrodantin, Macrobid®)

Urinary Anti-Infective; take with food, drink plenty of fluids

Norfloxacin (Noroxin®)

Urinary Anti-Infective; take on empty stomach, drink plenty of fluids

Antibiotics

Grown (synthesized by microorganisms); bacteriostatic or bactericidal; most taken w/o food to ensure proper absorption; should be taken through whole therapy; certian liquids need refrigeration, certian powders need reconstitution; once reconsitituted, some have 10-14 day expirations

Includes: Penicillin, cephalosporins, quinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides

Penicillin Side Effects

Allergy, NV&D

Penicillin (Pen-VK®)

Penicillin

Amoxicillin (Amoxil®)

Penicillin

Ampicillin (Amcill®)

Penicillin

Cloxacillin (Tegopen®)

Penicillin

Dicloxacillin (Dynapen®)

Penicillin

Nafcillin (Nafcil®)

Penicillin

Piperacillin (Pipracil®)

Penicillin

Ticarcillin (Ticar®)

Penicillin

Cephalosporin Side Effects

Allergy, NV&D

Cephalexin (Keflex®)

Cephalosporin

Cefaclor (Ceclor®)

Cephalosporin

Cefadroxil (Druicef®)

Cephalosporin

Cefixime (Suprax®)

Cephalosporin

Cefuroxime (Ceftin®)

Cephalosporin

Cefprozil (Cefzil®)

Cephalosporin

Cefpodoxime (Vantin®)

Cephalosporin

Ceftazidime (Fontaz®, Ceptaz®)

Cephalosporin

Ceftriaxone (Rocephin®)

Cephalosporin

Cefotetan (Cefotan®)

Cephalosporin

Cefotaxime (Claforan®)

Cephalosporin

Cefazolin (Ancef®)

Cephalosporin

Quinolones

Multiple drug reactions; antacids decrease absorption (should be given 2-4 hrs apart); Cimetidine (Tagamet®) increases effect; Caffene clearance reduced; Theophylline levels increased

SE: GI upset, headache

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro®)

Quinolone

Ofloxacin (Floxin®)

Quinolone

Norfloxacin (Noroxin®)

Quinolone

Levofloxacin (Levaquin®)

Quinolone

Enoxacin (Penetrex®)

Quinolone

Cinoxacin (Cinobac®)

Quinolone

Nalidixic Acid (NegGram®)

Quinolone

Macrolide Side Effects

GI upset, diarrhea

Erythromycin (EES®, Eryc®)

Macrolide

Azithromycin (Zithromax®)

Macrolide

Clarithromycin (Biaxin®)

Macrolide

Dirithromycin (Dynabac®)

Macrolide

Tetracycline Side Effects

Photosensitivity; Caution: binds to Ca products (dairy), Al, and Mg; use protection in sunlight

Tetracycline (Achromycin®)

Tetracycline

Doxycycline (Vibra-Tabs®)

Tetracycline

Minocycline (Minocin®)

Tetracycline

Demeclocycline (Declomycin®)

Tetracycline

Aminoclycosides

Used in hospitals

SE: Kidney damage, ototoxicity

Gentamicin (Garamycin®)

Aminoglycoside

Tobramycin (Nebcin®)

Aminoglycoside

Amikacin (Amikin®)

Aminoglycoside

Neomycin (Mycifradin Sulfate®)

Aminoglycoside

Streptomycin

Aminoglycoside

Vancomycin (Vancocin®)

Miscellaneous Antibiotic

Used in severe infections not treatable with other antimicrobials

Clindamycin (Cleocin®)

Miscellaneous Antibotic

Use anaerobes; tx serious respiratory infections & GI infections

Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim (Bactrim®, Septra®, Cotrim®)

Miscellaneous Antibiotics

Imipenem and Cilastatin (Primaxin®)

Miscellaneous Antibiotic

For IV use

Chloramphenicol

Miscellaneous Antibiotic

Bacitracin

Miscellaneous Antibiotic

Metronidazole (Flagyl®)

Miscellaneous Antibiotic

Antifungals

Tx topical/systemic fungal infections; most need protection fr. light and heat adn taken w/ meals to help with stomach upset

SE: Kidney damage (systemic antifungals)

Amphotericin B (Fungizone®)

Antifungal

Ketoconazole (Nizoral®)

Antifungal

Miconazole (Monistat®)

Antifungal

Fluconazole (Diflucan®)

Antifungal

Nystatin (Mycostatin®)

Antifungal

Clotrimazole (Lotrimin®, Mycelex®, Gyne-Lotrimin®)

Antifungals

Griseofulvin (Fulvicin P/G®)

Antifungal

Intraconozole (Sporanox®)

Antifungal

Antiparasitic Agents

tx parasitic infections; many cause stomach upset, so take with food

Includes antihelminthics and amebicides

Parasite

Organism which needs a host to complete its life cycle

Antihelminthics

tx worm infections (yuck!)

SE: Stomach upset, N&D

Mebendazole (Vermox®)

Antihelminthic

tx worms, whipworms, pinworms, roudnworms, and hookworms

Pyrantel Pamoate (Antiminth®)

Antihelminthic

tx roundworms and pinworms

Albendazole (Albenza®)

Antihelminthic

tx tapeworms

Piperazine (Vermizine®)

Antihelminthic

tx pinworms and roundworms

Amebicides

tx amoeba infections

SE: Stomach upset, N&D

*Avoid alcohol due to vomiting reaction

Metronidazole (Flagyl®)

Amebicide

Antitubercular Agents

tx tuberculosis; combination therapy w/ several agents usually required to avoid resistance

Purified Protein Derivative

Agent used to detect tubercular infections

Rifampin (Rifadin®)

Antitubercular agent

SE: Red urine

Isoniazid (INH®)

Antitubercular agent

SE: Liver damage

Ethambutol (Myambutol®)

Antitubercular Agent

SE: Optic neuritis

Pyrazinamide

Antitubercular agent

SE: Liver damage, gout

Antiviral Agents

tx viral infections

Includes Amantadine - Symmetrel and antivirals for the Herpes Virus, HIV, and AIDS

Amantadine - Symmetrel

 Antiviral agent

tx influenza

SE: Nausea, CNS effects

Antiviral Side Effects (Herpes Virus)

N&V

Acyclovir (Zovirax®)

Herpes Virus Antiviral Agent

Famciclovir (Famvif®)

Herpes Virus Antiviral Agent

Valacyclovir (Valtrex®)

Herpes Virus Antiviral Agent

Antivirals for HIV and AIDS

Protease Inhibitor Side Effects

N&V, Muscle weakness

Indinavir (Crixivan®)

Protease inhibitor (HIV/AIDS Antiviral)

Nelfinavir (Viracept®)

Protease inhibitor (HIV/AIDS Antiviral)

Ritonavir (Norvir®)

Protease inhibitor (HIV/AIDS Antiviral)

Saquinavir (Invirase®)

Protease inhibitor (HIV/AIDS Antiviral)

Nevirapine (Viramune®)

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (HIV/AIDS Antiviral)

Delavirdine (Rescriptor®)

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (HIV/AIDS Antiviral)

Reverse Transcriptase Side Effects

N&D, anemia, headache, insomnia, fatigue, and peripheral neuropathy

Zidovudine (AZT®, Retrovir®)

Reverse transcriptase inihibitor (HIV/AIDS Antiviral)

Didanosuine (Videx®)

Reverse Transcriptase inhibitor (HIV/AIDS Antiviral)

Lamivudine (Epivir®)

Reverse transcriptase inhibitor (HIV/AIDS Antiviral)