3 main groups:

1. Superficial mycoses 
   • Nystatin, Terbinafine, Griseofulvin
2. Subcutaneous mycoses
   • Amphotericin, Azole derivatives, Flucytosine
3. Systemic mycoses
   • Amphotericin, Azole derivatives, Flucytosine

• administer before infusion of other drugs, to ↓ AEs and identify effects
• administer 1 mg test dose before full dose
• keep pt hydrated
• monitor electrolytes, CBC, renal and hepatic fxn
• educate pts of likelihood of transfusion reaction and other AEs

• Lentivirus (Retrovirus) that suppresses immunity and allows opportunistic infections 
• High rate of retroviral mutations so combination therapy is essential
• WHO: pandemic, total deaths (2006) = 25 million 

• HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)
• Combination therapy is standard of care
• monotherapy creates viral resistance to drugs

1. Attachment of virus at the CD4 receptor
2. viral fusion and uncoating
3. reverse transcriptase makes a single DNA copy of the viral RNA, then makes another to form   viral dsDNA
4. Transcription and RNA processing
5. protease enzyme cleaves polypeptide into functional HIV proteins
6. Virion budding and maturation

6 classes in clinical use:

1. Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase (NRTIs) inhibitors
2. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
3. Protease inhibitors (PIs)
4. Entry Inhibitors
5. Integrase Inhibitors
6. Investigational agents

• HIV specific protease is needed during the reproduction cycle of the virus to form mature HIV components
• if protease is missing, noninfectious HIV buds are produced
• HIV protease inhibitors are specific HIV protease b/c if differs significantly from human protease

2 drug regimen:

• Revtrovir (Zidovudine) + Epivir (lamivudine) 2X/day
• Combivir (Retrovir+Epivir) recommended in pregnancy

3 drug regimen:

Retrovir (zidovudine) +Epivir (lamivudine) 2x/day plus, Kaletra (Lopinavir + Ritonavir) 2x/day

• binding of HIV to CN4 lymphocyte receptor is 1st step to viral replication
• this causes a conformational change to the site and allows the viral envelope to fuse with cell membrane
• Enfivirtide, is a synthetic peptide that blocks entry of virus into cell

• a viral enzyme essential for HIV replication
• promotes the integration of viral DNA strands into the host DNA
• Reltegravir is an integrase inhibitor

• Inherently resistant to most antibiotics
• slow growing, can become dormant
• intracellular pathogens with lipid rich cell walls impermeable to antibacterials
• rapidly develop resistance
• multiple drug therapy has to be given
• Therapy lasts between 6-24 months

• Caused by: Plasmodium falciparum, P Vivaz, P malariae, P ovalie
• spread by: female anopheles mosquito
• Only RBC parasites cause clinical illness (Trophozites)
• eradication of both erythrocytic and hepatic parasites 

• Infected female anopheles mosquito bites 
• sporozites are injected into host, and enter liver
• the liver processes and releases the bacterial cells which then enter RBCs
• Trophozites and Gametocytes are produced in the RBCs. 
• Trophozites cause clinical symptoms, Gametocytes are picked up by 2nd mosquito
• Gametocytes, develop into sporozites in the mosquito and are stored in the salivary glands, where they are passed on  

• breakdown product of heme
• parasites use as food source

• 1 billion people infected with worms (nematodes, flukes, tapeworms)
• infection can occur between humans and domesticated animals
• parasites have to be identified before treatment begins