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anthropology
midterm 1
97
Other
Not Applicable
02/07/2005
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Term
The concept of tabula rasa
 Definition
implies that individuals are shaped primarily by their experiences, which differ from culture to culture.
Term
Because culture is socially constructed and learned rather than biologically inherited,
 Definition
all societies must somehow ensure that culture is adequately transmitted from one generation to the next.
Term
Enculturation is the process of transmitting
 Definition
culture from one generation to the next.
Term
The agents of enculturation
 Definition
-vary, depending on the structure of the family into which a child is born.
-include peer groups and school teachers.
c. are at first the members of the family into which the child is born.
d. all of these choices
e. are persons involved in transmitting culture to the next generation.
Term
Which of the following statements about self-awareness is/are correct?
 Definition
all choices, except American children develop self-awareness earlier than do Ju/'hoansi children
Term
____________ is/are the distinctive way a person thinks, feels, and behaves.
 Definition
Personality
Term
Through naming, a person not only has a personal identity,
 Definition
but also recognition by the group of the person's birthright and social identity.
Term
Among most Native American groups, the ___________ were considered sacred individuals especially blessed by the Great Spirit.
 Definition
two spirit
Term
As Margaret Mead's pioneering studies suggest,
 Definition
biological differences between males and females are extremely malleable; biology is not destiny.
Term
Independence training is more likely in
 Definition
small nuclear families.
Term
Dependence training is more likely in
 Definition
small-scale horticultural societies where a man has many wives.
Term
Early studies of the relationship between personality and culture had assumed that they were essentially the same; culture stamped out identical personalities like cars off an assembly line. A more statistical concept of psychological traits in a society
 Definition
modal personality.
Term
The use of standardized tests, like the Rohrshach and TAT, to develop the modal personality of a culture can be problematic because
 Definition
tests devised in one cultural setting may not be appropriate in another.
Term
Which of the following statements about modal personality is/are correct?
 Definition
-Although a modal personality may be found for a particular society, a range of personalities may exist in that society.
-Although the modal personality may be considered "normal" for that society, it may be shared by less than half of the population.
-Data on modal personality are usually gathered by the use of psychological tests such as the Rorschach and TAT.
-Those who study modal personality accept the fact that there may be abnormal individuals in that society.
Term
Studies of ____________ were developed during World War II to explore the idea that basic personality traits were shared by most of the people in modern nations.
 Definition
national character
Term
While critics dismiss national character studies, they are important to students today because
 Definition
they illustrate the dangers of generalizing from minimal evidence to explain complex social phenomena.
Term
Anthropologist Francis Hsu who suggests that we use the concept of ____________ to understand a country's culture and related personality traits.
 Definition
core values.
Term
Among the Plains Indians, a man who wore women's clothes, performed women's work, and married another man
 Definition
-was considered normal.
-was sought out as a curer, artist, and matchmaker.
-was assumed to have great spiritual power.
-might have been homosexual.
Term
The standards that define normal behavior for any culture
 Definition
are determined by that culture itself.
Term
Ethnic psychoses are
 Definition
are mental disorders specific to particular ethnic groups.
Term
Personality is a product of
 Definition
enculturation, as expressed by individuals
Term
Human children are ______ to survive without culture
 Definition
ill-equipped
Term
Personality characteristics related to gender are strongly affected by...
 Definition
the way a group makes its living.
Term
Both hunting-and-gathering societies and industrial societies promote _____ in their mobile nuclear families.
 Definition
independence training
Term
______ determines what is normal in a society
 Definition
culture
Term
Though rare, about 1% of the world's population are ______, born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female.
 Definition
intersexual
Term
While cultures define normalcy, psychoses like ________, the most common of psychoses, suggest that major categories of mental disorders may be universal.
 Definition
schizophrenia
Term
Enculturation begins with the development of ______ -- the ability to identify individuality.
 Definition
self-awareness
Term
The behavioral environment in which the self acts includes _______, the moral values, ideals, and principals that are purely cultural in origin.
 Definition
normative orientation
Term
_______ socializes people to think of themselves in terms of the larger whole.
 Definition
Dependence training
Term
Hsu's concept of _______ focuses on those values especially promoted by a particular culture.
 Definition
core values
Term
______ are those people who cross-over or occupy a culturally accepted intermediate position in the binary male-female gender construction.
 Definition
transgenders
Term
Psychological disorders like anorexia nervosa are ________, mental disorders specific to particular groups.
 Definition
ethnic psychoses
Term
Horticulture
 Definition
is the cultivation of crops using hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes.
Term
Native American food foragers established a way of life in New England and southern Quebec that lasted about 5,000 years. This is indicative of
 Definition
effective cultural adaptation.
Term
A/an ____________ is a geographic region in which a number of different societies follow similar patterns of life.
 Definition
culture area
Term
Which of the following could be considered part of a society's "culture core"?
 Definition
-the belief that only a chief can distribute apples to his fellow villagers
-the belief that only a chief has strong enough magic to plant apple trees
-the number of hours a people work each day
-a taboo against eating certain foods
Term
Which of the following research topics might be of interest to an ethnoscientist?
 Definition
The ways in which a group classifies and explains the world.
Term
Today, about __________ people use food foraging as their subsistence strategy.
 Definition
250,000
Term
Today food foraging societies
 Definition
are found only in remote, marginal areas.
Term
Which of the following does not correctly describe food foraging societies?
 Definition
They are primitive because they did not progress to a higher level.
Term
In a food foraging society, how do people store food for the future?
 Definition
They rely on the generosity of others to share food.
Term
_____________ relates to the number of people who can be supported in a particular area give the technologies and resources available.
 Definition
Carrying capacity
Term
To say that food foraging societies are egalitarian means that
 Definition
the only status differences are age and sex.
Term
As people learned to farm and their settlements grew,
 Definition
society became more elaborately structured as people began to share important resources.
Term
______________ is an extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut and burned, and then crops planted among the ashes.
 Definition
Swidden farming
Term
_______________ involves using technologies such as irrigation, fertilizers, plows harnessed to draft animals, and so on to grow crops.
 Definition
Intensive agriculture
Term
The Bakhtiari are
 Definition
a pastoral society which revolves around two seasonal migrations in search of better grazing lands.
Term
Aztec society in the 16th century
 Definition
had a capital city with a population five times the size of London at that time.
Term
In the 16th century, the Aztec cities of Tenochtitlán and Tlatelolco
 Definition
-utilized series of chinampas for their agricultural production.
-were centers of trade.
-had important, well supplied markets.
-were based on intensive agriculture, with corn being their major crop.
Term
Preindustrial cities
 Definition
have had a much longer history of success than industrial cities.
Term
North American anthropologist Julian Steward developed the concept of ____________, that is, the interaction between the technology of a culture with their environments.
 Definition
culture type
Term
If a group is well adapted to its environment, it will change...
 Definition
very little as long as conditions remain the same.
Term
a geographic region in which a number of different societies follow a similar (not necessarily identical) pattern of life.
 Definition
A culture area
Term
Prolonged nursing of infants acts as a mode of ________
 Definition
contraception
Term
Many Bakhtiari are...
 Definition
well educated, having attended university at home or abroad.
Term
A/an __________ system is one in which goods are produced, distributed, and consumed.
 Definition
economic
Term
The productive resources used by all societies to produce goods and services include
 Definition
labor.
technology
raw materials.
Term
Traditionally, American society's sexual division of labor fell into which of the following patterns?
 Definition
rigid segregation
Term
Which of the following situations involving sexual division of labor are likely to produce a sense of equality among males and females?
 Definition
Societies in which both males and females do each others' work without embarrassment and societies in which males and females have their own separate jobs, but the jobs are considered complementary and equally important.
Term
Among the Ju/'hoansi, children are not expected to contribute much to subsistence until
 Definition
their late teens.
Term
In most societies, cooperation takes place in the basic unit of the __________, where both production and consumption occur.
 Definition
household
Term
In many nonindustrial societies,
 Definition
cooperative work is usually done with a festive, sociable air.
Term
In contemporary industrial societies, and even many non-industrial societies, _____________ is common because of the diversity of tasks and skills make it hard for any one person to know all of the skills appropriate for their age and gender.
 Definition
craft specialization
Term
Tools tend to be fewer and simpler among
 Definition
mobile food foragers and pastoralists.
Term
The mode of distribution called reciprocity refers to the exchange of goods and services
 Definition
for the purpose of maintaining social relationships and gaining prestige.
Term
When an Australian hunter gives away most of his meat to relatives without specifying what is expected in return, he is exemplifying
 Definition
generalized reciprocity.
Term
A Navajo gives ten of his sheep that he knows are infected with disease to a Hopi in exchange for a jeep. This is an example of
 Definition
negative reciprocity.
Term
____________ are/is important in societies where the accumulation of wealth or property could upset the more-or-less egalitarian social order.
 Definition
Leveling mechanisms
Term
The display of wealth for social prestige is called
 Definition
conspicuous consumption.
Term
In contrast to most viewpoints, the Kula ring demonstrates that
 Definition
not all trade is motivated by economic considerations.
Term
From an economist's point of view, "market exchange" is defined by
 Definition
the buying and selling of goods and services whose value is determined by supply and demand.
Term
Typically, until well within the 20th century, ___________ was carried out in specific localities.
 Definition
market exchange
Term
___________ is anything used to make payments for other things, as well as a measure of their value.
 Definition
Money
Term
The _____________ may be defined as the system by which producers of goods and services provide marketable commodities that for various reasons escape government controls.
 Definition
informal economy
Term
One of the newest innovations in the market-research and design industry is
 Definition
ethnography.
Term
Everyone in the world wants the same goods and services.
 Definition
false
Term
__________ is a transaction in which a woman and man establish a continuing claim to the right of sexual access to one another, and in which the woman involved becomes eligible to bear children.
 Definition
Marriage
Term
The ability of females and males to have sex at any time would have been advantageous to early humans in that
 Definition
sexual activity and other factors operated to tie people more closely to the social groups vital for their survival.
Term
In all cultures, the ___________ provides an absolute prohibition on sexual contact between certain kin, but the definitions of who constitute close kin vary from culture-to-culture.
 Definition
incest taboo
Term
The author uses the Nayar of southwest India to illustrate that rules about sexual access can be highly variable. Nayar women
 Definition
go through three transactions that define sexual eligibility, rights of sexual access, and legitimacy of children.
Term
______________ are relatives by birth, or so-called "blood kin."
 Definition
Consanguineal kin
Term
Detailed census records made in Roman Egypt show that brother-sister marriages among members of the non-royal farming class were common. What light does this shed on the incest taboo?
 Definition
It demonstrates that despite the human tendency to avoid inbreeding, it occasionally occurs and may even be preferred.
Term
Marriage within a particular group of individuals is called
 Definition
endogamy.
Term
___________ is a marriage in which an individual has a single spouse.
 Definition
Monogamy
Term
According to ____________, human thought processes are structured into contrastive pairs of polar opposites, such as light Levi-Straussversus dark.
 Definition
Levi-Strauss
Term
The Nayar family is consanguine because
 Definition
women live with their brothers and dependent offspring.
Term
Marriage to more than one husband is called
 Definition
polyandry.
Term
The levirate and the sororate
 Definition
function to maintain the relationship between the family of the bride and the family of the groom.
Term
Serial monogamy is characterized by
 Definition
a man or a woman marrying or living with a series of partners in succession (one after the other but not at the same time).
Term
In a matrilateral cross-cousin marriage, a man marries the daughter of his
 Definition
mother's brother.
Term
Bride __________ refers to the period of time a groom is expected to work for his bride's family.
 Definition
service
Term
In which of the following situations would you expect to find the custom of bride price?
 Definition
A bride and groom go to live with the groom's people.
Term
When the economy is based on ____________ and when the man does most of the productive work, the bride's people may give a dowry that protects the woman against desertion and is a statement of her economic status.
 Definition
intensive agriculture
Term
The woman/woman marriage custom found in sub-Saharan Africa
 Definition
a. enables the woman who is the wife of the female husband to raise her status and live a more secure life.
b. enables a woman without sons to inherit a share of her husband's property.
d. confers legitimacy on the children of a woman who had been unable to find a husband.
e. enables the woman who adopts a male identity to raise her status.
Term
Like marriage, divorce in non-Western societies is a matter of great concern to the couple's families, since marriage is more of a/an ___________ than a religious matter.
 Definition
economic
Term
An important source of contacts in trying to arrange an Indian marriage is/are the
 Definition
-social club.
-match making businesses.
-newspaper personals.
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