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Anthropology
Appreciating Human Diversity
79
Anthropology
Undergraduate 2
02/03/2011

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Term
Anthropology
Definition
The study of the human species and its immediate ancestors.
Term
Holistic
Definition
Encompassing past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture.
Term
Culture
Definition
Traditions and customs transmitted through learning.
Term
Food Production
Definition
An economy based on plant cultivation and/or animal domestication.
Term
General Anthropology
Definition
Anthropology as a whole; cultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology.
Term
Cultural anthropology
Definition
The comparative, cross-cultural, study of human society and culture.
Term
Ethnography
Definition
Fieldwork in a particular cultural setting. Part of Cultural anthropology. Often descriptive. Group/community specific.
Term
Archaeological anthropology
Definition
The study of human behavior through material remains.
Term
Ethnology
Definition
The study of sociocultural differences and similarities. Part of Cultural anthropology. Uses data collected by a series of researchers, usually synthetic. Comparative/cross-cultural.
Term
Biological anthropology
Definition
The study of human biological variation in time and space.
Term
Physical anthropology
Definition
Same as Biological anthropology.
Term
Linguistic anthropology
Definition
The study of language and linguistic diversity in time, space, and society.
Term
Sociolinguistics
Definition
The study of language in society.
Term
Science
Definition
Field of study that seeks reliable explanations, with reference to the material and physical world.
Term
Applied anthropology
Definition
Using Anthropology to solve contemporary problems.
Term
Theory
Definition
A set of ideas formulated to explain something.
Term
Association
Definition
An observed relationship between two or more variables.
Term
Cultural Resource Management
Definition
Deciding what needs saving when entire archaeological sites cannot be saved.
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
A suggested but as yet unverified explanation.
Term
Q: Which of the following most characterizes anthropology among disciplines that study humans?
Definition
A: It is holistic and comparative.
Term
Q: What is the most critical element of cultural traditions?
Definition
A: Their transmission through learning rather than through biological inheritance.
Term
Q: Over time, how has human reliance on cultural means of adaptation changed?
Definition
A: Humans have become increasingly more dependent on them.
Term
Q: The fact that anthropology focuses on both culture and biology
Definition
A: allows it to address how culture influences biological traits and vice versa.
Term
Q: What is the point of describing the ways in which humans cope with low oxygen pressure in high altitudes?
Definition
A: To illustrate human capacities of cultural and biological adaptation, variation, and change.
Term
Q: Four-field anthropology
Definition
A: was largely shaped by early American anthropologists' interests in Native Americans.
Term
Q: The study of nonhuman primates is of special interests to which sub-discipline of anthropology?
Definition
A: Biological anthropology
Term
Q: Which of the following terms is defined as a suggested but yet unverified explanation for observed things and events?
Definition
A: Hypothesis
Term
Q: The scientific method
Definition
A: characterizes any anthropological endeavor that formulates research questions and gathers or uses systemic data to test hypotheses.
Term
Enculturation
Definition
The process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations.
Term
Symbol
Definition
Something, verbal or nonverbal, that stands for something else.
Term
Core values
Definition
Key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture.
Term
Hominid
Definition
Member of hominid family; any fossil or living human, chimp, or gorilla.
Term
Hominins
Definition
Hominids excluding the African apes; all the human species that ever have existed.
Term
Universal
Definition
Something that exists in every culture.
Term
Generality
Definition
Culture pattern or trait that exits in some but not all societies.
Term
Particularity
Definition
Distinctive or unique culture trait, pattern, or integration.
Term
National culture
Definition
Cultural features shared by citizens of the same nation.
Term
International culture
Definition
Cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundaries.
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
Judging other cultures using one's own cultural standards.
Term
Human rights
Definition
Rights based on justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions.
Term
Cultural rights
Definition
Rights vested in religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies.
Term
Cultural rights
Definition
Rights vested in religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies.
Term
Cultural relativism
Definition
Idea that to know another culture requires full understanding of its members' beliefs and motivations.
Term
IPR
Definition
Intellectual property rights; an indigenous group's collective knowledge and its applications.
Term
IPR
Definition
Intellectual property rights; an indigenous group's collective knowledge and its applications.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
Borrowing of cultural traits between societies.
Term
Acculturation
Definition
An exchange of cultural features between groups in firsthand contact.
Term
Independent invention
Definition
The independent development of a cultural feature in different societies.
Term
Globalization
Definition
The accelerating interdependence of nations in the world system today.
Term
Q: The "psychic unity" of humans, a doctrine that most anthropologists accept, states that
Definition
A: although individuals differ in their emotional and intellectual tendencies and capacities, all human populations have equivalent capacities for culture.
Term
Globalization
Definition
The accelerating interdependence of nations in the world system today.
Term
Q: The "psychic unity" of humans, a doctrine that most anthropologists accept, states that
Definition
A: although individuals differ in their emotional and intellectual tendencies and capacities, all human populations have equivalent capacities for culture.
Term
Q: The description of the similarities and differences between humans and apes, our closest relatives,
Definition
A: Emphasizes culture's evolutionary basis, stressing the interaction between biology and culture.
Term
Q: Culture is contested means
Definition
A: different groups in society struggle with one another over whose ideas, values, goods, and beliefs will prevail.
Term
Q: Methodological cultural relativism
Definition
A: is not a moral position, but a methodological one.
Term
Q: There were at least seven different regions where agriculture developed. Therefore, agriculture is an example of
Definition
A: Independent invention
Term
Q: Term for the processes that are making nations and people increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent?
Definition
A: Enculturation
Term
Equity, increased
Definition
Reduction in absolute poverty, with a more even distribution of wealth.
Term
Overinnovation
Definition
Trying to achieve too much change.
Term
Underdifferentiation
Definition
Seeing less-developed countries as all the same; ignoring cultural diversity.
Term
Medical anthropology
Definition
The comparative, biocultural study of disease, health problems, and health-care systems.
Term
Paleoanthropology
Definition
Study of hominid, hominin, and human life through the fossil record.
Term
Informed consent
Definition
Agreement to take part in research, after being fully informed about it.
Term
Paleontology
Definition
Study of ancient life through the fossil record.
Term
Palynology
Definition
Study of ancient plants and environments through pollen samples.
Term
Remote sensing
Definition
Use of aerial photos and satellite images to locate sites on the ground.
Term
Anthropometry
Definition
Measurement of human body parts and dimensions.
Term
Paleopathology
Definition
Study of disease and injury in skeletons from archaeological sites.
Term
Molecular anthropology
Definition
DNA comparisons used to determine evolutionary links and distances.
Term
Systematic Survey
Definition
Study of settlement patterns over a large area.
Term
Excavation
Definition
Digging through layers at a site.
Term
Taphonomy
Definition
Study of processes affecting remains of dead animals. Including scattering by carnivores and scavengers, distortion by various forces, and the possible fossilization of the remains.
Term
Absolute dating
Definition
Establishing dates in numbers or ranges.
Term
Relative dating
Definition
Establishing a time frame in relation to other strata or materials.
Term
Stratigraphy
Definition
Study of earth sediments deposited in demarcated layers (strata).
Term
Dendrochronology
Definition
Tree-ring dating; a form of absolute dating.
Term
American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics
Definition
Designed to ensure that anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field of anthropology, to the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and to society in general.
Term
Phytolith
Definition
Microscopic body that occurs in plants.
Term
2 Major components of a fieldwork in archaeological anthropology
Definition
Systematic survey & excavation
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