belief that fertilization is not a one time occurance.

• Many men will help father a child
• Women will continuously have intercourse to cover the child with semen so it develops correctly
• Men bring gifts (food) that increases the chance of survival of the fetus

Father, Mother, 2.5 Children

*Cultural generality

-Important among foraging and industrial societies

Expanded household of 3+ generations

-Use food to nourish family, as well as neighbors. Important because if you provide food, they will more likely be willing to help with favors in the future

• Who you live with
• Right to resources (Organization of people by kinship for collective action and resources)

relationships "like family" but based on neither blood nor marriage

EX: Godparents

Marriage relationships

EX: The In-laws

*Very weak and easy to break

*Usually don't break once children are born.

Marriage within the group

EX: Within religious group

Within social class (wealth)

• Which house the couple lives in is dependent upon the domestic organization of production
• Is it more important for men or women to have their family close by to get food? (women)

• The gender that moves tends to lose contact with kin
• When residential moves are distant, this appears to be bad for men.
• Men need support from male kin for allies during war, so they almost never move

• Sons stay with their fathers and co-reside with male kin.
• 70% of all societies

• Daughters stay with their families and co-reside with female kinship and their husbands
• 15% of all societies

Married adults- live with either family

-Popular in foraging socities

-7% of all socities

"Uncle location"

• Newly married couple moves in with husbands-mothers-brother

• New couples live alone
• 5% of all societies
• Post-Industrial societies
• Couple are suppose to be economically independent when getting married.

Explanations for

Post-Marital Residence: Patrilocal

• Males in many societies provide majority of the resources during child-rearing years
• Males need each other for war fare

• When women produce alot of food, need help from Kin

-- Kayapo(Brazil)- Manioc- takes alot of time and work

• When men are gone for a long time (war, trading) matrolocality evolved.

• Regulates marriage
• Defend land/resources
• Defines legitimacy of specific activities
• Conflict alliances

Descent membership defined by descent either along paternal or maternal

• Patrilineal: descent through the male line
• Matrilineal: descent through the female line

Inherit different rights through ale or female

-Choose who you want to a descent from

Groups of lineages who are descended from some unspecified common ancestor called a totem.

EX: scottish clans: were ambilineal descent groups that held a piece of territory called a glen

Words used for different relatives in a particular language; reflects the social construction of kinship in a culture

EX: Uncle

**Not all cultures use the same words

Letters/symbols used to refer to an actual genealogical relationship

EX: Uncle = Mother's brother

1. Establishes a person as legal father of a women's children
2. Give spouses sexual monopoly of each other
3. Gives spouses rights over the labor of each other
4. Rights over the property of the other spouse
5. Establish a socially recognized relationship between spouses and their children
6. establish a joint fund of property for the children of the union

Legitimate Unions

EX: Igbo- Nigeria- women marry other women in order to amass wealth

Forbidden sexual relations with close relatives

*Cultural universal- every society has some form of incest taboo (what is considered incest varies)

Humans are biologically programmed to avoid incest

Argument: If it was biologically programmed then why would it occur in the first place?

Increased genetic illness is due to inbreeding

Argument: We have examples of people marrying close kin

*Most accepted theory*

Incest taboo resulted in order to ensure exogamy

--> Adaptive social results-alliance formation

Royal Incest

(Marry or Die Out)

Preferred for brother and sister to marry

-Commoners are not good enough, special characteristics that only royalty will have.

Keep wealth and power within the family- marry sister so that there is not competition. 

Gifts from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin

-Says to society that wife and kids are now part of his group

Wives family provides substantial gifts to the husbands family as compensation

-Allows for husbands family to be able to provide for bride

EX: Dowry Deaths in India- Women's social status goes down, marriage becomes an economic exchange.

When husbands family runs out of dowry- will beat bride (maybe death) and remarry to get more $$

• Marriages that are political alliances are harder to break up
• Marriages that are individual alliances are easier to break up
• Divorces are more common in Matrilineal
• Less common in Patrilineal societies because if parents get divorced then Mother must leave children

Multiple marriages and divorces 

-Historically see serial monogamy due to the low success rate in mothers surviving child birth

Man married to more then one wife at the same time

EX: Arab man allowed to have up to 4 wives as long as they are treated equally.

Woman has more than 1 husband

-Seen in cultures were husband travels a lot, leaves wife with other husband to make sure everything is okay.

• Part-time religious practitioner
• Mediates between ordinary people and supernatural begins and forces
• Characteristic of foragers

• Community rituals: whole community comes together to do rituals
• Multiple deities (polytheism)
• Characteristic in horticulturalist tribes

• Have full time religious specialists
• Multiple anthropormorphic gods- Human like tendency
• First appeared with state level societies

• Have full-time religion specialist
• Single anthropomorphic God
• First appeared with state level societies

• Religion appears to be tied to our capacity of self-awareness
• Perhaps neanderthals practices religion
• Religion probably appeared 40,000 years ago

People and things can be animated by this spirit

-A way of explaining the unexplainable

-Trying to makes sense of things that you can't control

sacred, impersonal force, thought of as luck

EX: Polynesian man (THE ROCK) could only get a tattoo if he had enough mana

Opposite of ritual. Thing you should not do.

EX: Tattoos were a taboo for polynesian woman

• Origins of death
• What happens after death
• Natural phenomenas

Magic: use of supernatural technique to accomplish specific aims; an instrument of control

-Used when normal functional meals fail, lost sense of control

Whatever is done to an object effects that person who had contact with it last

EX: Navajo- afraid of witches, individuals believe that if witches get a hold of hair or other pieces of body they will cast spells on you

Charms, materials, objects believed to embody supernatural powers that can protect the owner in the same way

EX: Rabbits foot

Provides stability and comfort when no control or understanding is possible.

EX: Tribes come together for life changing moments (giving birth)

*Worshiping together, boosts physiological effects

Mobilize large segments of society though systems of real and percieved rewards and punishments

EX: Witchcraft accusations- leveling mechanism- a custom of social action that operates to reduce differences in wealth and this bring stand outs in line with community norms

religion helps humans adapt to different environments

EX: Hindu- rules against killing animals

--Western ideas- religion stops the economy. Hindu are agricultural people and use cattle for fertilizations of the fields- cattle

some religious belief provide a justification for behavior patterns which might otherwise seem quetionbale

-Religious beliefs are often considered outside the realm of logical scrutiny (based on faith)

EX: 1864- Sand Creek Massacre- Colorado- Mormons killed >200 unarmed "heathen" men, women, and children in order to take their land.

Behavior that is formal, stylized, repetitive, and stereotypes

• Performed as a social act
• Held at a set time and place
• Social participation in them solidifies support of a social group

When fat is a mark of beauty amongthe Efik in Nigeria

• go to fattening room during liminal stage
• learn how to behave/talk with future husband
• social stigma: says a lot about desire to be part of society

Social movements that occur in times of change/social stress, in which religion leaders emerge in order to alter a society

EX: The Ghost Dance- 1889- with Wovoka's vision

-Dancing the Ghost dance would rid the world of evil

Ended with battle of wounded knee

dominant structural position, consists of the strongest and most powerful states with advances systems of production

"Global North"

*Technologically advanced, monopolize and profitable

Went from a domestic system to an industrial system

• Rise in manufactured goods
• Development of factory = urbanization
• Population increase, as well as consumption
• Increase in experiment and innovation

Driven by the catholic church and military interest

-Used indirect rule- government decisions were given to native leaders from hierarchy and enforced

Columbus' voyage- wanted gold and major resources "God, Gold, Glory"

-Diseases killed many indigenous people- Europeans brought disease unknown to indigenous people, their immune systems were unable to protect them

Take each cultures historic interactions to understand them today

-Focus on interactions of people of Europeans nations and those of former colonies

Ethnic group survive by with a last or severely modified culture

-Assimilation

Original inhabitants of particular territories 

• Descents of tribes
• Culturally distinct groups
• Aspire to autonomy (the right or condition of a group for self-governing)

Modern Day Imperalism

-Economic development: efforts that seek to improve the economic well-being and quality of life for a community

encouraging "free" enterprise- don't want government to interfere.  Allow competition to drive revenue

Modern: place emphasis on individual responsibility- reduced public spending- individual should be responsible for health care, education (Imposed by powerful government institutions)

A kind of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in and the cultural dimensions of economic development

*Social planning can turn a good development project bad

Conflicts between government and indigenous people

-Texaco dumped toxic pollutant waste (18 million gallons) on indigenous land- people developed stomach, mouth, and urine cancers

• Give poor loans to produce goods
• Told poor what they were able to spend money on
• Poor was unable to pay loans back.. developed more debt

Characteristics of projects that require major changes within indigenous peoples daily lives

EX: Ask pastoral group to grow what they considered "goat food" as their monocrop

Planning fallacy or viewing less-developed countries as an undifferentiated group (ignoring cultural diversity) and adopting a uniform approach

EX: Assume that everyone has nuclear family and that men are the head of production when in reality women are head of production and instead of giving women the new grains give to men who trade the grains for beer, when if they had given the grains to women they would of planted and produced new crops

Culturally compatible

-Social design on traditional forms

-Involve indigenous people on planning

-Know and understand what indigenous people need and want

The acculturative influence of western expansion on native cultures

EX: Indigenous people wearing store bought clothes

one culture advances at the expanse of others, or it imposition on other cultures, which it modifies, replaces, or destroys-usually because of differential economic or political influences

EX: Taught in school to be part of a certain culture

Religious proselytizing can promote ethnocide 

-Not allowing individuals to practice religion can harm rights of passage or rituals

Mass media = destroying traditional cultures

-Cultural forms including technology are modifies to fit local culture

EX: Aboriginal Australians saw RAMBO as in interpretation of 3rd world in a fight with white officer class trying to free tribal kin.