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| (In Anthropology) A type of society marked by the presence of cities, social classes, and the state |
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| (In the Old World), the period marked by the production of tools and ornaments of bronze; began about 5,000 ya in China and Southwest Asia and about 500 years earlier in Southeast Asia |
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| Items such as utensils, figurines, and personal possessions, symbolically placed in the grave for the deceased person's use in the afterlife |
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| The theory that explains the civilization's emergence as the result of the construction of elaborate irrigation systems, the functioning of which required full-time managers whose control blossomed into the first governing body and elite social class |
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| The theory that self-serving actions by forceful leaders play a role in civilizations emergence |
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