Term
|
Definition
300,000 yrs ago -> 30,000 yrs ago
During the last major glaciation (75,000 -> 10,000 yrs ago) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First fossil hominid EVER discovered in 1856 in Neander Valley
People thought it was a patholigcal freak or odity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cranial capacity LARGER than modern humans: 1,500 cc (big brains increase metabolic efficiency in cold weather)
Cranium is large, long, low, and bulging (LLLB); more vertical forehead than H. erectus, brow ridges arch instead of straight bar
Robust, barrel chested, powerfully muscled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
La Chapelle-aux-Saints -> arthritis, missing teeth, buried in a shallow grave; evidence of altruism
Shanidar 1 -> one-armed, partially blind, crippled |
|
|
Term
| Anatomically Modern Humans timeline |
|
Definition
Living in Europe 35,000 yrs ago
Overlapped with Neandertals -> N's borrowed technological methods and tools
Possible hybridization (4 yr old boy in Portugal that shows traits similar to both) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Homo sapiens neandertalensis |
|
Definition
| Named as a sub-species of Homo sapiens |
|
|
Term
| Are Neandertals ancestors of modern European H. sapiens? |
|
Definition
| mtDNA shows Neandertal-to-human differences are 3 times as great as human-to-human variability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Probably evolved from H. erectus 500,000 yrs ago
Transitional fossils have low, sloping forehead; large brow ridge; large cranial capacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Complete Replacement Model; Recent African Evolution
Modern humans evolved in one part of the OW fairly recently, then spread to other parts of the world and replaced regional inhabitants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Regional Continuity Model
Modern humans emerged in various parts of the OW simultaneously, which accounts for human variation |
|
|
Term
| Upper Paleolithic/Later Stone Age |
|
Definition
| 40,000 yrs ago -> 14-10,000 yrs ago |
|
|
Term
| Cultural changes during the Upper Paleolithic |
|
Definition
Toolkit included blades, burins, bone/antler tools, microliths
People were hunters, gatherers, and fishers; nomads; lived in the open, in caves, and in rock shelters
New techniques in toolmaking
Emergence of art
Population of growth
New inventions |
|
|
Term
| Inventions of the Upper Paleolithic |
|
Definition
Bow and arrow
Spear thrower (atlatl)
Harpoon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Migrated over the land bridge between Siberia and Alaska
Evidence of humans in S. America as early as 12,500 -> 33,000 yrs ago |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Large-scale evolutionary changes that may require many hundreds of generations
Only detectable paleontologically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small-scale evolutionary changes that occur over the span of a few generations
Can be detected in living populations
Helps explain the variation in modern humans today |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Within a species, the community of individuals where mates are usually found |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Populations that are clearly isolated geographically or socially from other breeding groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mating with others from the same group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mating with individuals from other groups |
|
|
Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
|
Definition
Equation expressing the predicted distribution of alleles in populations under ideal conditions
Hypothetical state that describes a population that is not evolving
p2+2pq+q2=1 (p = frequency of dominant alleles, q = frequency of recessive alleles) |
|
|
Term
| Factors that initiate changes in allele frequencies - and CAN'T be present for the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium to apply |
|
Definition
Production of new variations (mutation);
Redistribution of variation through gene flow (exchange of genes between populations, or migration);
Redistribution of variation through genetic drift (evolutionary changes produced by random factors)
Select advantageous allele combinations that promote reproductive success |
|
|
Term
| Factors necessary for the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium to apply |
|
Definition
The population should be infinately large;
Mating should be random; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next (the proportion of ps and qs in a population)
The total of allele frequencies must equal 100% - evolution is a change in these proportions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A genetic trait with more than one allele in appreciable frequency (more than one allele for any one locus)
Used to document genetic differences among various populations
The result of additional evolutionary factors (gene flow/drift, nat. selection) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A or B rarely reach frequencies of 50%
A peaks among BlAckfoot Indians;
B is v. rare, prolly absent in pre-Colombian NW;
O approaches 100% in S. American Indians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Species composed of populations that differ with respect to the expression of one or more traits
All humans are members of the same polytypic speices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Biologically used to mean "species" and "lineage"
Culturally used interchangeably with "ethnicity", "nationality", and "ancestry" |
|
|
Term
| Why defining race is difficult |
|
Definition
Most traits show a continuous range of expression;
There is often more genetic variation within groups than between groups;
The genetic makeup of a population is dynamic and changes over time;
There may be many individuals within a group that don't conform to all aspects of its profile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Historical view on human variation;
Everyone descended from one pair (Adam and Eve?) but differ due to occypying different habitats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Historical view on human variation;
We're not all descended from one pair; there were several pairs, each giving rise to a different group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There is an association between physical characteristics and behavioral characteristics (e.g. skin color and intelligence) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theory of "race improvement" through forced sterilization of some and increased reproduction of others |
|
|
Term
| Reasons for physical variation |
|
Definition
| Phenotypic variation is the result of adaptation to environmental conditions; result from the body's attempt to maintain homeostasis during stress |
|
|
Term
| Long-term changes to environmental change |
|
Definition
| Reflected in a population or species; e.g. sweating or deeply pigmented skin |
|
|
Term
| Short-term changes to environmental change |
|
Definition
| Occur within individuals and is known as acclimatization; e.g. tanning, increased hemoglobin production |
|
|
Term
| Adaptation to darkly pigmented skin |
|
Definition
Increased level of melanin in dark skin provides protection from harmful UV rays that are more powerful near the equator;
Occurs in people who live closer to the tropics |
|
|
Term
| Adaptation to light colored skin |
|
Definition
| UV light is necessary for the synthesis of Vitamin D, which the body needs to produce health bones; light skin allows the body to absorb UV radiation in northern latitudes where clothing and decreased intensity of UV rays decrease access |
|
|
Term
| Short-term adaptation to heat |
|
Definition
Sweat glands provide evaporative cooling;
Vasodilation allows heat from blood vessels to be released at the skin |
|
|
Term
| Short-term adaptation to cold |
|
Definition
Vasoconstriction restricts blood flow to the skin and reduces heat loss;
Increased metabolic rate;
Shivering |
|
|
Term
| Long-term adaptation to temperature |
|
Definition
Bergman's Rule: increased body mass has a proportinately smaller surface area to let out heat;
Allen's Rule: longer limbs have a larger surface area available to let off heat and are therefore selected for in hot climates |
|
|
Term
| Stresses high altitude places on the body |
|
Definition
Intense solar radiation;
Cold temperatures;
Low humidity;
Wind;
Reduced nutritional base;
Rough terrain;
Hypoxia (puts the greatest amount of stress on the heart, lungs, and brain) |
|
|
Term
| Reproductive acclimatizations to high-altitude living |
|
Definition
Increased rates of infant mortality and miscarriage;
Low birth weight and slowed growth and maturation |
|
|
Term
| Adult acclimatizations to high-altitude living |
|
Definition
Increased respiration;
Increased production of red blood cells;
Increased heart rate |
|
|
Term
| Developmental acclimatizations to high-altitude living |
|
Definition
Increased lung capacity;
Increased efficiency at diffusing oxygen |
|
|
Term
| Populational acclimatizations to high-altitude living |
|
Definition
Altered blood-flow to the uterus during pregnancy;
More efficient burning of glucose |
|
|
