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Anthropology Test 1
Foley Winkler
102
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
02/16/2011

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Cards

Term
MM Video: How have people’s explanations for the mounds in N. America changed over time? Why? Can you give an example from the film of cultural bias influencing interpretations?
Definition
- Different cultures living there, inhabiting it
- Native Americans
- Left out certain American Indians that existed
- Racial bias against the knowledge and abilities of Native Americans
- Disbeliefs of a mass race that was as knowledgeable and able as the white race
Term
MM Video: In what ways were the various approaches scientific or not scientific?
Definition
- scientific: skull measurements
- nonscientific: not thinking the mounds to be the product of just one lost race
Term
MM Video: Did you see any examples of multiple working hypotheses?
Definition
certain tools were used that must have been used by the ancestors of the Indians who constructed the mounds
Term
MM Video: Did you see any examples of hypothesis testing? Of developing test implications?
Definition
- collecting and testing artifacts to see how long the people had lived there or if they had just passed through
- building their own mound
- distributing the dirt the way they believe the culture did
Term
MM Video: Did you see use of multiple lines of evidence?
Definition
- sculptures show moundbuilders superiority
- government system of Indians, chiefs lived on top of mounds above the village
Term
MM Video: What can we learn from stratigraphy? From plant remains? From human remains? What is experimental archaeology? What examples appear in the film? How did historic documents contribute to explaining the mounds? Were there any examples of oral tradition?
Definition
- age of mound builder remains
- how far the culture expanded across the country (remains found only in certain states)
Term
MM Video: What attracts you to archaeology--what makes it worthwhile? Is archaeology better approached as a science or in some other way? What makes an approach scientific?
Definition
-experimental arc: building mound
Term
Koster: What are the “Arkies”?
Definition
The student crew
Term
Koster: What is Koster, and how is it discovered? How old is it?
Definition
A farm site, discovered Teed Koster finding artifacts on his property, 10,000 yrs old
Term
Koster: Who is Stuart Struever and why is he important?
Definition
Author of the book, leader of the exhibition at Koster
Term
Koster: What and where is Kampsville? What is its significance?
Definition
Headquarters for the exhibition, west of Ill. River, crossed to Koster by ferry
Term
Koster: What is Modoc Rock Shelter and where is it located?
Definition
Former home and burial for 28 people who lived over 3000 yrs (Early and Mid Archaic), Prairie du Rocher Ill 95 mi south of Koster
Term
Koster: What scientific testing was used in the excavations/analysis of materials from Koster?
Definition
Radio carbon dating, pollen testing, random sampling, test squares
Term
Koster: What multiple working hypotheses did you observe? How were they tested?
Definition
- what people were eating and type of gathering they were doing (agr, horti, hunt/gath)
- tested soil and teeth, also tools
Term
Koster: What is “New Archaeology”?
Definition
Study of a culture’s environment, not just their artifacts
Term
Koster: Who are James Brown and Jane Buikstra? What roles did they play in the book?
Definition
- Brown- prof of anthro at NU and codirector of zKoster Research Program and director of computer lab for NAP, DISCOVERED 26 LAYERS AT KOSTER
- Buikstra- director of NAP bio anthro program, ANALYZED THE WOODLAND MOUNDS
Term
Koster: 10. What is the culture history of Koster? Be familiar with the different time periods and cultural groups that occupied the site. What are the major characteristics of each of these?
Definition
- Jersey Bluff – long term AGRICULTURE AD 800-1000
- Black Sand- Short term
- Riverton- no pottery Archaic times before 500 BC
- Hopewell – 100 BC-450 AD
- White Hall- AD 400-800
Term
Koster: 11. How does Koster relate to lecture notes, text book readings, and the video Myths and Moundbuilders? Many of the same individuals from the video are in Koster, so pay particular attention to this.
Definition
Mound building, agriculture, hunting-gathering
Term
Bones: What is repatriation?
Definition
protection for NA burial remains
Term
Bones: What are the arguments for and against repatriation of human skeletal remains?
Definition
- For: it an help to understand the culture, diseases, etc
- Against: disturbing burial sites, discriminatory against NAs
Term
Bones: What are the benefits and problems of legislation protecting Native Americans burials and skeletal remains?
Definition
- Benefits: preserve the property, history
- Problems: Cannot learn the history, study diseases, diets, etc
Term
Bones: Who was Samuel Morton and what were the problems with his “research”?
Definition
- medical doctor
- studied remains of diff races
- wanted to compare intelligence (brain size)
- resulted in racist research, whites had biggest skulls, then blacks, then NAs
- 4,00 skulls collected
Term
Bones: What is NAGPRA?
Definition
- Native American Grave Protection Repatriation Act
Term
Bones: Are feelings on repatriation the same among all anthropologists and all Native Americans, or do opinions differ among members of these 2 groups?
Definition
- some NAs should want to know what is going on
- Most NAs and anthros are strong on their beliefs
Term
Bones: What is 1 of the controversies between Native American oral tradition and scientific study?
Definition
- stories passed on in NA culture should be enough history
- justifications of relationships are different b/w NAs and scientists
- scientists accused of doing the same thing as Nazis, studying w/o permission of the people studied
Term
Bones: How did the example of the Nebraska Omaha demonstrate a compromise between Native Americans and anthropologists? How did both benefit?
Definition
- tribe wanted bones to be study for cultural and medical purposes before being repatriation
- chief believes ancestors can speak through science
- research on diabetes outbreak
Term
Anthro is the study of...
Definition
- study of humans
- hominid fossils
- fuana and mega fuana (animals in relationship to humans)
- dispelling stereotypes (Indiana Jones, media)
Term
Four Fields of Anthro
Definition
- Archaeology
- Socio-cultural anthropology
- Physical anthropology (biological)
- Linguistic anthropology
Term
Holistic perspectives
Definition
- focus in interconnections and interdependence of all aspects of the human experience in all places and times
- past-present
- biological-cultural
Term
Archaeology is...
Definition
Digging for human fossils and tools
Term
Cultural anthro is...
Definition
Studying the modern cultures of humans all over the world
Term
Physical Anthro
Definition
- Talk about cellular biology
- Studying the physical and biological aspects of humans and animals associated with humans
Term
Linguistic Anthro
Definition
- Study of human language and its development
Term
Arm chair anthropology
Definition
Affluent white males talking and theorizing about other types of people
Term
Cultural evolution from Lewis Henry Morgan
Definition
- Says that all humans start out as savages, barbarians,
- And that civilizations, not species, evolve
- The ones who dont live up to the standards, Africans and others, are considered savages
- People started out as savages
•No clothes
•Open sex
- Says that after the savage phase, they go through the barbarian phase
•Clothes
•Not advanced
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
The belief that your culture is superior to others
Term
Franz Boas
Definition
- Made cultural relativism
•No culture is better or worse, just different
Term
Samuel Morton Studies
Definition
- Said that native Americans and blacks were not as smart as whites
- Males were going to school to become anthropologists
- Men anthropologists were not allowed access to women
- Therefore the early reports were only about men
Term
Applied anthropology
Definition
- This is found in every sub group
- When you are trained as an anthropologist but work outside of academia
- If an anthropologist works for the government, this is applied anthropology
Term
Medical Anthro
Definition
combines theoretical and applied approaches from the fields of cultural and biological anthro w/ the study of human health and disease
Term
Biological Anthro
Definition
humans as biological organisms
Term
Molecular Anthro
Definition
- study of genes and genetic relationships
- how people have adapted
Term
Paleoanthropology
Definition
study of origins and predecessors of the human species, evolution
Term
Primatology
Definition
the study of living and fossil primates
Term
Forensic anthro
Definition
ID of human skeletal remains for legal purpose
Term
Cultural Anthro
Definition
study of human thoughts, patterns based on culture
Term
Ethnography
Definition
description of a particular culture based on fieldwork
Term
Ethnology
Definition
study of different cultures from a comparative or historical POV
Term
Ecofacts
Definition
- objects associated w/ human activity but have not been modified
- found in features
Term
Taphonomy
Definition
what happens to something when it dies
Term
Conditions for Preservation
Definition
dry, wet, cold, anaerobic, deserts, bogs, and ice
Term
Judgmental Sampling
Definition
using experience to figure out where to dig
Term
Unit
Definition
what you dig in (2x2 m)
Term
Pit
Definition
something dug into the ground
Term
Probe
Definition
used to check soil
Term
Soil Marks
Definition
stain that shows up on the surface of recently plowed fields
Term
Middens
Definition
refuse or garbage disposal area
Term
Datum Point
Definition
starting point for reference on a grid
Term
Coprolites
Definition
preserved fecal matter, provides evidence of past health and diet
Term
Endocast
Definition
cast of the inside of a skull
Term
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Definition
used to amplify or create multiple copies of DNA to be studied
Term
Relative Dating
Definition
designating things to be older or younger than others
Term
Fluorine Dating
Definition
dating based on fluorine in bones
Term
Palynology
Definition
relative dating based on changes in fossil pollen
Term
Seriation
Definition
RD based on putting things in relational groups
Term
Dondrochronology
Definition
dating based on tree rings
Term
Neolithic
Definition
New stone age, 10,000 yrs ago, people depended on domesticated plants and animals and possessed stone-based tech
Term
Mesolithic
Definition
Middle stone age, Archaic cultures
Term
Neolithic Revolution
Definition
cultural change 10,000 yrs ago, domestication of plants and animals, early permanent villages
Term
Childe's Oasis Theory
Definition
melting glaciers washed plants away forcing people to gather and plant, animals followed to food
Term
Subsistence
Definition
how you make a living and SURVIVE
Term
Types of Subsistence
Definition
- foraging/hunting and gathering
- pastoralism - herding
- horticulture
- agriculture
Term
The shift from hunting/gathering to agriculture happened during...
Definition
the end of the Ice Age, 14,000 yrs ago
Term
Around what year did agriculture start?
Definition
8,000 BC
Term
Around what year did cities begin to form in Near East?
Definition
3,500 BC
Term
Features of Paleolithic Culture
Definition
- stone tools
- nomadic hunting and gathering
Term
Is the Upper Paleolithic the END or BEGINNING of the Paleolithic Era?
Definition
End
Term
Features of Mesolithic Culture
Definition
- hunting/gathering
- less nomadic
- transition of culture
Term
Features of Neolithic Culture
Definition
- 8,000 BC
- settled village life
- domestication
Term
What period started 1.8 mya and ended 10 kya and was the end of the Ice Age
Definition
Pleistocene
Term
What period was the start of agriculture, cities, warmer climates, and more local resources?
Definition
Holocene
Term
How many years ago did hominids begin to roam the Earth?
Definition
4 mya
Term
When were stone tools beginning to be used?
Definition
2.5 mya
Term
Paleoindians
Definition
- 13.5 kya - 8.5 kya
- nomadic hunters and gatherers
- lithics
Term
Archaic
Definition
- 8.5-2.5 kya
- hunters and gatherers
- increase in sedentism, lithics, copper, burials, shletrs, cave art
Term
Woodland
Definition
- 2.5-1 kya
- ceramics
Term
Mississippian
Definition
- 1.1 kya-800 ya
- corn, mounds, burials
Term
The Nile River flood caused...
Definition
the fall of the Egyptian kingdom
Term
What happened to the Norse in Greenland in the 1300s?
Definition
- temps drop
- can't grow crops, feed animals or people
- people leave or starve
Term
Geoarcheology
Definition
ice cores, lake varves, ocean cores, soils, land forms
Term
In what year do chiefdoms develop in the Near East? Civilization?
Definition
- 6,000 BC
- 3,500 BC
Term
What is a CRM and what laws exist regarding it?
Definition
- contract or compliance arch
- Laws: safeguard sites, prosecute offenders, repatriate remains
Term
8 Principles of Anthro
Definition
- Stewardship
- Accountability
- Commercialization
- Education
- Intellectual Property
- Publication
- Records
- Training
Term
Antiquities Act of 1906
Definition
protects sites on federal land
Term
Historic Sites Act of 1935
Definition
survey before development
Term
National Historic Preservation Act NHPA (1966, 76, 80)
Definition
- Section 106: identify and evaluate sites ad impact development
- Section 110: long-term protection of sites
Term
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
Definition
reviews impact of cultural resources
Term
Arch. Resources Preservation Act (ARPA)
Definition
penalties for looting, 5 yrs in prison, $250,000 in fines (doubled?)
Term
FOUR MOST IMPORTANT ACTS TO REMEMBER!
Definition
- ARPA
- Antiquities Act
- NHPA
- NAGPRA
Term
How many tribes claimed the Kennewick Man?
Definition
five
Term
What was the legal outcome of the Kennewick Man case?
Definition
Legal rights went to researchers
Term
How old was the Kennewick man?
Definition
9400 yrs old
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