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An investigative tool that involves
1)Observing
2)Generating hypotheses
3)Testing and Verifying hypotheses |
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A)Relying on or derived from observation or experiment.
B)Verifiable or provable means of observation or experiment. |
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| A hypothesis where there is no causal relationship between the variables in question. |
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| Allowing a hypothesis to be false and testing to verify. |
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| A means to answer questions about the world in which we live in. |
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| Physical Anthropologists test hypotheses using two primary empirical methods... |
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1)Experimental Method of Analysis
2)Observational or COmparative Method of Analysis |
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| Experimental Method of Analysis |
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| The prediction is tested in a setting where scientists control one or mre variables. |
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| Observational or Comparative Method of Analysis |
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| The prediction is tested by making careful observations of natural phenomena. |
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| Used by the scientific method to refine the hypothesis and ensure it's truth. |
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| Standard Anatomical Position |
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| Standing straight, feet together pointing forward, looking forward, with no long bones crossed from the viewer's perspective. The palms of the hands must face forward with the thumbs pointing away from the body. |
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| Walking on four limbs, with the trunk horizontal. |
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| Toward the head end of the body. |
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| Opposite of cranial; toward the tail end of the body. |
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| Opposite of Ventral; toward the back. |
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| Toward the midline (middle) of the body. |
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| Opposite of medial; away from the midline of the body. |
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| Nearer to the axial skeleton, usually used for limb bones. |
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| Opposite of proximal; farther away from the axial skeleton. |
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| Divides the body into symmetrical right and left halves. |
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| divides the body into anterior and posterior halves. |
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| A Plane that slices through the body at any height but always passes perpendicular to the sagittal and frontal planes. |
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| Towards the midline at the front of the mouth. |
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| Opposite of mesial; towards the back of each tooth row. |
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| The chewing surface of each tooth. |
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| Bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts. |
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| Opposite of flexion; a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts. |
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| Movement of a body part, usually an appendage, away from the midline sagittal plane. |
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| Opposite of Abduction; movement of a body part, usually an appendage toward the midline sagittal plane. |
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| Motion that occurs as one body part turns on it's long axis. |
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| Rotary motion of the forearm that turns the hand palms down. |
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| opposite of pronation; rotary motion of the forearm that turns the hand palm up. |
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| The bony elements in the primate body are usually divided into two separate "units"... |
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| Pelvis (Sacrum and two os coxae) |
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Tibula on the right
Fibula on the left |
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| How many bones make up an articulated hand or foot? |
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| A bone that comprises the forehead part of the cranium. |
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| A bone that comprises the upper sides of the braincase (Cranium) |
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| A bone that comprises the lower sides of the braincase. |
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| The four types of teeth are... |
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1)Incisors
2)Canines
3)Premolars
4)Molars |
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| Multiple cusps are typically found on what 2 types of teeth? |
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| Posterior Teeth (2 types) |
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| What is the total number of human teeth? |
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| How many quadrants are on both the upper and the lower jaw? |
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| The tail region in primates with tails and the coccyx in humans |
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| The branch of biology that deals with naming, classifying, and grouping organisms. |
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| Evolutionary relationship. |
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| A hypothesis of evolutionary relationships. |
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| A method of taxonomic classification which is based on overall morphological similarity without regard to evolutionary history. |
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| Techniques that rely solely on evolutionary novelties, or apomorphies, to generate phylogenies. |
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| Created the system for classifying organisms that is still largely used today. |
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| Name the 10 taxonomic levels... (in order from highest to lowest) |
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1)Kingdom (Animalia)
2)Phylum (Chordata)
3)Class (Mammalia)
4)Order (Primates)
5)Suborder (Anthropoidea)
6) Infraorder (Catarrhini)
7) Superfamily (Hominoidea)
8) Family (Hominidae)
6)Genus (Homo)
7)Species (Sapien) |
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| "Derived" evolutionary features that were newly evolved in the last common ancestor of the group in question. |
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| "Primitive" ancient characteristics retained from a more distant ancestor. |
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| Name 3 Primitive traits that characterize primates... |
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1) a generalized/ relatively unspecialized fentition
2)Retention of five digits on the hands and feet
3)Retention of the clavicle (Collar bone) |
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| Name 9 Derived characteristics that distinguish the order primates from the other orders of mammals... |
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1)Grasping hands and feet with an opposable big toe and thumb.
2)Nails instead of claws
3)Apical pads on the tips of digits
4)Forward facing eyes
5)Stereoscopy and a wide binocular visual field
6)Eye sockets("orbits") completely encircled by bone (A post orbital bar or plate)
7)A large number of visual areas in the brain.
8)Small litter sizes (Usually just one offpring)
9)A long period of infant dependency |
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| Primates are generally restricted to live in... |
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| Strepsirrhines include... (3) |
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| Traits that characterize Strepsirrhines... (6) |
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1)Unfused mandibular symphysis
2)Unfused frontal suture
3)Post orbital bar
4)Grooming claw (Derived)
5)Tooth Comb (Derived)
6)Rhinarium |
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| What traits make the Tarsier different from Strepsirrhines? (6) |
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1)Loss of the Rhinarium
2)Retinal fovea
3)No tooth Comb
4)2 grooming claws (Rather than one)
5)A reduction in the size and complexity of the nasal fossa.
6)A disk shaped placenta |
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| What suborder are Tarsiers place in? (Haplorini or Strepsirrhini) |
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| What two infraorders are Anthropoids broken into? |
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1)Platyrrhini (New World Monkeys)
2)Catarrhini (Old World Monkeys, apes, humans) |
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| Anthropoid Traits include... (5) |
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1)A fused mandibular symphsis
2)Fused frontal suture
3)Complete postorbital septum
4)Absence of a grooming claw
5)Relative brain size is typically larger than that found in prosimians. |
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| What are some Platyrrhini characteristics? (7) |
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1)Flat noses with nostrils that point laterally.
2)Three Premolars: most have a 2.1.3.3 dental formual.
3)Cartilaginous ear tube
4)Found in Central and South America
5)All are diurnal (except owl monkey)
6)All are arboreal
7)Some have prehensile tails |
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| What are the characteristics of Catarrhines? (7) |
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1)Narrow nostrils that point forward or downward.
2)Two premolars: 2.1.2.3
3)Bony ear tube
4)Found in Africa and Asia
5)Hominoidea have Y-5 Molars and Cercopithecoidea have Bilophodont molars
6)Includes both arboreal and terrestrial species.
7)All are diurnal |
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| What dietary method do colobines use? |
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| what dietary method do Cercopithecoidea use? |
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| Traits of Cercopithecoidea... (3) |
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1)Old World Monkeys
2)Narrow Deep chest
3)Bilophodont molars |
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| Traits of Colobinae...(5) |
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1)Primarily Folivorous
2)Narrow incisors
3)High sharp molars for shearing leaves
4)Complex Sacculated stomach
5)More arboreal (Longer tails and hind limbs) |
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| Traits of Cercopithecinae.. (5) |
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1)Primarily Frugivorous
2)Broader incisors
3)Low rounded molar cusps for mashing fruit
4)Cheek pouches
5)Many are terrestrial and have shorter tails and hindlimbs. |
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| Traits of Hominoidea... (4) |
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1)Broad shallow thorax
2)Y-5 Molars
3)Lack tails |
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| What is the diet of a primate called who eats primarily fruit? |
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