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Anthropology Final Exam
Everything from Fall 2012
241
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
09/30/2012

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
ANTHROPOIDS
Definition
one of 2 suborders of primates, includes monkeys apes and humans
Term
Absolute dating
Definition
a method of dating fossilsin which their actual age can be found
aka Cronometric dating
2 types
Term
Acculturation
Definition
borrowing parts of culture from other cultures, usually a result of pressure from a bigger power
Term
Acheulian tool industry
Definition
Lower Paleolithic
large tools created to a certain shaper
sharpened by flaking off pieces
ex. Hand Axe
Term
Achieved statuses
Definition
are
attained during one’s
lifetime and generally
tied to our actions.
Term
Adaptive
Definition
traits that enhance reproductive and survival success in a particular environment
Term
Agriculture
Definition
the practice of raising domesticated crops
mesolithic period
Term
Alfred Wallace
Definition
similar to Darwin in his belief in Evolution, also presented a paper,
Term
Allopathic Medicine
Definition
(Western) medicine has
roots in a Greco-Roman tradition

the practice of traditional or conventional Western medicine
Term
Arboreal
Definition
living in trees
Term
Archaic
Definition
time period in the New World in which food production developed
end of upper paleolithic
Term
Artifact
Definition
any object made by a human
ex. tools, pots, buildings
Term
Ascribed statuses
Definition
are ones
in which we have little
choice (e.g., age, sex,
family of birth).
Term
Australopithecine
Definition
First defined hominids
4 million years ago
small canines
bipedal
two Groups Gracile and Robust
Term
Baboon
Definition
aka gorilla, larges of the apes today, knuckle walking, sexually dimorphic,
Term
Bioarchaeology
Definition
the study of health and behavior from the skeleton
Term
Biological Anthropology
Definition
deals with the biological or physical characteristics of humans
Term
Bipedalism
Definition
Walking on 2 feet/hind legs
Term
Bride price
Definition
a big gift given to the brides kin by the groom or his kin before the marriage
Term
Broad spectrum collecting
Definition
Populations began to cluster into ecologically richer areas
change from hunting big-game to relying on a wider variety of food sources
Term
Bronisław Kasper Malinowski
Definition
British-naturalized anthropologist
went to Trobriand Islands
escribed the complex institution of the Kula ring, and became foundational for subsequent theories of reciprocity and exchange
coining the term participatory observation
Term
Carolus Linnaeus
Definition
Taxonomy of living species
Based on structure & form
Fixity of Species
Major contributions
 Classification
 Nomenclature
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
father of evolution, from England, naturalist, 22, based on observations of species he said that species today descend from other species and vary because of environmental factors
Term
Chromosome
Definition
paired rod shaped structures within the nucleus of a cell that contains the genes that transmit from one gen to the next
Term
Cline
Definition
the gradual increasing (or decreasing) frequency of a gene from one end of a region to to another
Term
Communicative competence
Definition
Must have knowledge of
how to use the language right
Term
Consumption
Definition
use of
products.
Term
Cro-Magnum
Definition
35,000 years ago
used to be the first known species of modern humans but they are NOT
Term
Cultual Relativism
Definition
the attitude that a societies customs and ideas should be viewed within the context of That societies problems and opportunities.
Term
Culture
Definition
The set of learned beliefs, behaviors, attitudes, values, and ideas, that are characteristic of a society or other social group
Term
DNA
Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid. a long 2 strand molecule in the gene that directs the makeup of an organism according to the interactions in its genetic code
Term
Deduction
Definition
an hypothesis is generated before data are collected. Then test the hypothesis for support or falsification.
Term
Denisova Cave
Definition
a finger bone was found that was a mi of human and Neantertals DNA, big deal
Term
Disease
Definition
deviation from clinical norms” – Biomedical concept
Term
Distribution
Definition
how products
get to those who use them.
Term
Domestication
Definition
modifications or adaption of plants and animals made by humans. they are different from wild varieties.
Term
Egalitarian societies
Definition
societies in which people of a given age-sex have equal access to economic resources, power, and prestige.
Term
Ego
Definition
in the reckoning of kinship the reference point or focal person
Term
Ethnocentric
Definition
judgement of another culture in terms of one's own culture
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
the attitude that other societies customs and ideas can be judge with a viewpoint from ones own culture
Term
Evolution
Definition
change over time
Term
Excavation
Definition
the careful removal of archaeological deposits, recovering artifacts, ecofacts, fossils, and features in which the soil where that stuff was found
Term
Fieldwork
Definition
firsthand experience with people being studied and taking notes and asking questions, often for long time periods of a year or more. relates to participate observation
Term
Fixity of species
Definition
species had not changed since creation
Term
Georges‐Louis Leclerc de Buffon
Definition
Believed life was disorderly & chaotic
Recognized relationship between environment and living forms
Argued for change
during lifetime
Believed in fixity of
species
Term
Germ Theory of Disease
Definition
Germ theory is a foundation of Western biomedicine
Robert Koch
Diseases based on pathogens
Term
Gombe, Tanzania
Definition
place where Jane studied the Chimps, Africa
Term
Gracile vs. Robust
Definition
Both are Australopithecus
-Gracile are smaller teeth, and lighter facial features and dental muscles then Robust
-Robust- thicker jaws, bigger molars, bigger face muscles, extreme sagital crests, bigger cranial captives,
Term
HMS Beagle
Definition
Ship darwin was on
Term
Hieroglyphics
Definition
picture writing, at ancient egypt and Mayan sites in Mesoamerica
Term
Holistic
Definition
many views, multifaceted
Term
Homeopathic medicine
Definition
balance)

bloodletting
purging (emetics/poisons)
restore the system
Term
Hominoid
Definition
group of catarrhines that include both apes and humans
Term
Homo Neanderthalensis
Definition
Aka. Neanderthals
Robust hominids
and very close to modern humans
Term
Homo erectus
Definition
First hominid species to be spread widely in the Old world
1.8 mil years ago
larger brain then previous species of Homo but smaller then H. sapiens
Term
Homo sapiens
Definition
Modern humans taxonomy
emerged 200,000 years ago
all people on earth are them
Term
Human Paleoanthropology
Definition
a study of Biological Anthro. the emergence of humans and their later evolution forms
Term
Humoral Medicine
Definition
fluids were seen as the
essence of the body and health.
Four humours: blood, phlegm,
yellow bile, and black bile

Humoral medicine has been
practiced for thousands of years
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
guess
Term
Illness
Definition
Sufferer’s interpretation of his or her experience”
Term
Indirect percussion
Definition
Upper Paleolithic
a way to make tools by shaping a big rocks into a cylinder form the makes can take bone or wood and strike it into form with a hammer
Term
Induction
Definition
data about a particular subject are freely collected with no
preconceived ideas. The data are then used to generate an hypothesis.
Term
Inegalitarian
Definition
stratified (tiered)
societies with fewer status positions
than persons able to fill them (e.g.,
ranked, class, and caste systems
Term
Irrigation
Definition
is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops
Term
Ishi
Definition
He was the last member of the Yahhe tribe, he changed to the culture he was a minority in
Term
Jane Goodall
Definition
studied chimps in Gombe National Park in Tanzania
Term
Jean Baptist Lamarck
Definition
first proposed mechanism of changed, species respond to environment, use and disuse
Term
KINSHIP DIAGRAMS
Definition
a way of tracing linage through a main ego
Term
Karl Marx
Definition
Marx discussed various ways of
organizing production
 kin-ordered
tributary
 capitalist

stated that
the “struggle between the ruling class
and the subordinate working class was
the driving force that moved society forward
Term
Koch’s postulates
Definition
The pathogen must be found in all individuals with the
disease.
Th h b i l d d i l
11
2. The pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3. The culture should cause the disease when introduced into
another healthy individual.
4. The pathogen can be isolated from the second individual and grown in culture
Term
Kung
Definition
woman leader of her section of the market
Term
Law
or Law Science
Definition
The system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties

generalized rule to explain a body of observations in the form of a verbal or mathematical statement
Term
Law of Acquired Characteristics
Definition
the traits one develops during his life will be passed on to his offspring, examples muscle tone, false
Term
Law of Use and Disuse
Definition
if you use something it will be better developed and passed on. opposite is true
Term
Levallois Method
Definition
Middle Paleolithic
a way to make tools by shaping the core and striking platform and striking flakes off to achieve a certain size
Term
Lineages are corporate groups
Definition
Patrilineal descent (patrilineages)
Matrilineal descent (matrilineages)

a descent group that owns or controls property.
Term
Lower Paleolithic Period (specific)
Definition
Tools are Oldowan and Acheulian stone
1.5 mil - 200,000 years ago
time of Mainly Homo erectus, but also H. sapiens, and australopithicus
Term
Lucy AL288-1
Definition
40% of a female skeleton found, helpful because so much was found so it gives a lot of info about the past
Term
Lurking variables
Definition
Variables other then the ones that you know about
Term
Market exchange aka commercial
Definition
transactions in which the price is subject to supply and demand even if its not in a market place
Term
Means of production
Definition
land, technology, energy
capital (raw materials)
labor
Term
Medical Pluralism
Definition
Multiple healing forms and etiologies coexist
The sectors of the medical system are not
always as clearly distinguished as the
discussion of medical systems suggests, and
reality is usually much more messy
can result in syncretism
Term
Mesoamerica
Definition
10,000 years ago
north america
ending of the ice age
archaic people/food production
Term
Mesolithic
Definition
archeological period of the old world around 12,000 BC
humans were living in semipermanent places and stopped hunting and traveling for big game so much as local food hunting and stationary food things, ex fish
Term
Middle Paleolithic (Specific)
Definition
300,000-40,000
Neanderthals times
aka middle stone age in africa
Mousterian tools and Levallosian method
Term
Mitochondral DNA aka mtDNA
Definition
from mother in animals
make it possible to measure the degree of relatedness between 2 species and even see how long ago these species diverged
Term
Mode of production
Definition
ways to get stuff made
Foraging
Horticulture
Agriculture
Pastoralism
Industrialization
Term
Mousterian tool assemblage
Definition
Middle Paleolithic
fewer core (big) tools and more things like flaked off small tools like scrapers not very altered once struck off
Term
Mutation
Definition
a change in the DNA sequence producing and altered gene
Term
Natufians
Definition
some of the earliest agriculturalists
Term
Natural selection
Definition
the outcome of a progress that affect the frequency of a trait in a particular environment
traits that enhance survival and reproductive success and increase these things
Term
Naturalistic Systems
Definition
Oriented toward physical body
Focus on symptoms, not cause
 Single level of causality or etiology
 Healer is specialized but gains
prestige by sharing
knowledge/teaching
 Role of healer is therapeutic (cure

Diagnosis made by patient or
family
 Explains illness in systemic (and
scientific) terms – not supernatural
but natural world
 Biomedicine is most similar to Naturalistic
Term
Negative reciprocity
Definition
is the exchange of goods and services where each party intends to profit from the exchange, often at the expense of the other
Term
Neolithic
Definition
aka new stone age
8000 BC
evidence of first domestication in Near East
Term
Norms
Definition
Standerd rules of acceptable behavior in a society. the Importance is shown by the reaction when someone breaks a norm.
Term
Obsidian
Definition
a volcanic glass then can be used to make mirrors or sharped edge tools
Term
Participant Observation
Definition
Living among people being studies and participation in their events. Asking questions and taking notes and obersvations
Term
Partners In Health
Definition
As an anthropologist and physician, Dr. Farmer argues we have
to move beyond risk groups to consider the interplay between
ideology, human agency, and the powers that constrain it.

As anthropologists, like Dr. Farmer, aim to understand the
human condition, locally and globally, and apply this
knowledge to improving the lives of people world wide
Term
Patrilinieal descent
Definition
the rule of descent that describes individuals related to the men kin only
Term
Paul Farmer
Definition
medical anthropologist &
Harvard physician) has spent a career examining
how large-scale social forces become embodied in
sickness, suffering, and degradation in rural Haiti
Term
Personalistic Systems
Definition
Based on the notion of an active
agent who impacts health of
individuals (e.g., spirits, witches,
ancestors, living people).

Healers have special power from the supernatural (e.g., shaman) and
guard this power carefully

Focus is on the cause

Healer’s role is to diagnose – find
the culprit, explain misfortune.
Term
Phoneme
Definition
a sound or set of sounds that make a difference in meaning the the speakers of the language
Term
Polandry
Definition
the marriage of one woman to more the one man at a time
Term
Potassium-argon dating
Definition
type of absolute dating
Term
Primates
Definition
Monkeys, chimps, apes, etc.
arboreal- tree living
Omnivorous
Opposable thumbs
Slow development
Diurna-active during the day
Term
Primatologists
Definition
people who study primates
Term
Primatology
Definition
study of primates
Term
Production
Definition
transformation
of resources into products
(e.g., goods, services, and ideas)
that are of use to humans.
Limited resources (e.g., energy,
clean water, land, forests)
Term
Race
Definition
a subpopulation that differ slightly from other varieties of species Not used in anthropology because it's not accurate
Term
Rachis
Definition
the seed bearing part of a plant, in wild grain the rachis shatter and spread easily, in domesticated ones they are hard to remove, ex. of domestication
Term
Racism
Definition
the belief that some races are inferior to other
Term
Radiocarbon aka Carbon-14 dating
Definition
type of absolute dating
judged on the half life of C
Term
Resources
Definition
Raw materials
things used to make goods
Term
Rites of Passage
Definition
Culturally defined activities associated with
the transition from one place or stage of life to
another.
Birth
Death
Marriage
Rites of Adulthood

Three Phases of Rites of Passage (Van Gennep)
Separation, liminality, integration
Term
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Definition
the structure of a language determines or greatly influences the modes of thought and behavior characteristic of the culture in which it is spoken.
Term
Science vs. Religion
Definition
Science is a set of testable Laws on the natural world, past or present
Religion is untestable and is based on the supernatural
Term
Sickness
Definition
“is a social category – the sick role in a particular
society, the way a person who is ill is expected to
behave.”
Term
Sites
Definition
locations where the material remains of human activity have been preserved in a way that archeologists can recover them
Term
Society
Definition
a group of people who occupy a common territory and speak a common language that is not usually understood by surrounding people
Term
Species
Definition
a populations that consists of organism able to interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring
Term
State
Definition
a political unit with centralized decision making over many communities with power to govern by force (taxes, draft people for war) public building, religious and craft specialists, and art style,an elite class, use of force to implement policies
Term
Sumerian
Definition
located in southern Iraq
developed 3000 B.C
begin of cities and states
agriculture
Term
Survey
Definition
a systematic
examination of a larger
area to determine the
potential for containing
archaeological sites or
historic properties.
Term
Syntax
Definition
the ways in which words are arranged to form words and sentences
Term
Taxonmy
Definition
organization of species by nomenclature
Term
Terrestrial
Definition
living on the ground
Term
Trobriand Islands
Definition
escribed the complex institution of the Kula ring, and became foundational for subsequent theories of reciprocity and exchange
Term
Unilenaal descent
Definition
affiliation with a group of kin through descent links of one sex only
Term
Upper Paleolithic (general)
Definition
the time period associated with the spread of modern humans and their spread around the world
Term
Upper paleolithic (specific)
Definition
40,000-10,000 years ago
humans first emerged
smaller tools
art here
arrow and spear
Term
What is the primary goal of Kula ring
partners?
Definition
to establish and solidify long‐term trading
partnerships
Term
adaptive customs
Definition
cultural traits that enhance survival and reproductive success in a particular environment
Term
allele
Definition
one member of a pair of genes
Term
ancestor spirits
Definition
supernatural beings who are the ghosts of dead relatives
Term
animism
Definition
Natural world as alive with spirits
Term
anthropology
Definition
the study of man, seek to answer a lot of different questions about man and his origins
Term
archaeology
Definition
a discipline that studies humans and focus on the different and similarities of biological and cultural in human pop.
all periods all over the world
Past cultures
Term
balanced reciprocity
Definition
giving with the expectation of a straightforward immediate or limited time trade
Term
band
Definition
a fairly small nomadic group that is politicly autonomous
Term
biomedicine
Definition
the most pop. form of western medicine today
Term
bipedal
Definition
walking on 2 hind legs
Term
bride service
Definition
work performed by the groom for his brides family for some time before or after the marriage
Term
capitalism
Definition
developed system of surplus, market based, producers and consumers
Term
cash crop
Definition
cultivating a commodity to be sold rather then used for personal reasons
Term
caste
Definition
a ranked group sometimes associated with a job in which is determined at birth and marriage is restricted to member of one caste
Term
chiefdom
Definition
a political unit with a chief at the head integrating more the one community but not always the entire society or language group
Term
chimpanzees
Definition
found in Africa, 2 species, use tools, social with other spcies of primate, not very sexually dimorphic
Term
civilization
Definition
urban society
Term
class
Definition
a category of people who have about the same access to obtain prestige, power, and resources.
Term
class societies
Definition
societies containing social groups that have unequal access to power, economic resources, and prestige.
Term
clines
Definition
the gradual increase or decrease frequency of one gene from one end of the region to another
Term
code switching
Definition
using more the 1 language in the course of conversation
Term
commercialization
Definition
increase dependance on buying and selling normally with money as the exchange medium
Term
cuneiform
Definition
wedge shaped writing invited by the Sumerians around 300 bc
Term
diastema
Definition
a gap between the canine and the first premolar, found in apes
Term
diffusion
Definition
the process of borrowing one society's cultural traits as a result of contact between 2 cultures
Term
diurnal
Definition
active during the day
Term
division of Labor
Definition
all societies have some division of labor based on age ans sex
Term
enculturation
Definition
the transmission of cultural knowledge to children, example speaking habits
Term
endogamy
Definition
the rule saying you can only marry someone within your kin
Term
ethnicity
Definition
the process of defining ethnicity usually involves a group of people emphasizing common origins and language, shared history, and selected aspects of culture
Term
ethnogenesis
Definition
creation of a new culture
Term
ethnomedicine
Definition
the health beliefs and practices of a cultural group
Term
exogamy
Definition
the rule specifying marriage to a person from outside one's own group
Term
extensive or shifting cultivation
Definition
a type of horticulture in which the land is worked for short periods of time and then left to regenerate for some time before being used again
Term
falsification
Definition
showing that a theory seems to be wrong by finding that it's implications are no supported by the collected data
Term
features
Definition
artifacts made by humans that can not be removed from their site
ex. hearths, storage pits, buildings
Term
food production
Definition
food-getting is dependent on cultivation and domestication of plants and animals
Term
foraging
Definition
food getting process by obtaining wild plants and animals through gathering, hunting, scavenging, or fishing
Term
gender
Definition
male-female, sex of species
Term
gender difference
Definition
difference between male and female that reflect cultural expectations and experiences
Term
gene flow
Definition
the process by which genes pass from the gene pool of one pop. to that of another through mutation and reproduction
Term
generalized reciprocity
Definition
gift giving without any immediate or planed return
Term
genetic Drift
Definition
the various random process that affect gene frequencies in small, isolated populations
Term
genotype
Definition
the total complement of inherited traits or genes of an organism
Term
genus
Definition
a group of related species
Term
glodalization
Definition
the ongoing spread of goods, people, and information around the world
Term
half-life
Definition
the times t takes for half the atoms of a radioactive substance to decay into atoms of a different substance
Term
historical linguistics
Definition
the study of how language changes over time
Term
hominid
Definition
the group of hominoids that include human and their direct ancestors. 2 gene Homo and Australopithecus
Term
horticulture
Definition
plant cultivation carried out with relatively simple tools and methods, nature replaces nutrients instead of permanently cultivated fields
Term
hunter gatherers
Definition
people who collect food from naturally occurring resources ex. wild game, fish, animals
aka foragers or food collectors
Term
inequalities may result in differential
advantages in
Definition
Economic resources – goods, services, wealth
(2) Power – ability to influence by force and/or coercion
(3) Prestige – respect or honor
Term
insectivore
Definition
the order or major group of mammals, that is adaptive to feeding on insects
Term
intensive agriculture
Definition
food production characterized by the permanent cultivation of fields made possible by the plow and other agricultural things
Term
lineage
Definition
a set of kin who members trace descent from a common ancestor through known links
Term
maladaptive customs
Definition
cultural traits that diminish the change of reproduction or survival in a particular environment
Term
marriage
Definition
a socially approved sexually and economic union, permanent, a couple, produce children.
Term
material culture
Definition
objects the people leave behind, may be intentional like writings or unintentional like trash
used in Archeology
Term
matrilineal descent
Definition
the rule of descent that affects bother genders related to them through women only
Term
matrilocal residence
Definition
a married couple lives with or near the parents or kin of the bride
Term
medical anthropology
Definition
the application of anthro. knowledge to the study of health and sickness
Term
monogrmy
Definition
marriage between only one man and only one woman at a time
Term
monotheistic
Definition
believe in only 1 high god and everything else is below him/her
Term
morpheme
Definition
one or more morphs with the same meaning
Term
morphology
Definition
the study of how sound sequences convey meaning
Term
neolocal residence
Definition
a pattern of residence where a married couple lives separately from the kin of both spouses
Term
nocturnal
Definition
active during the night
Term
nuclear family
Definition
a family consisted of a married couple and their young children
Term
omnivore
Definition
eating both plants and meat
Term
opposable thumbs
Definition
a thumb that can touch the tips of all of the other fingers
Term
optimal foraging theory
Definition
the theory that individuals seek to maximize their return in the labor by deciding which animals and plants they will go after
Term
pastoralsim
Definition
a form of subsistence technology in which food gathering is based directly or indirectly on the maintenance of domesticated animals
Term
patrilocal residence
Definition
a married couples lives with or close to the husbands parents or kin
Term
phenotype
Definition
the observable physical appearance of an organism, affected by genes and environment
Term
polygamy
Definition
plural marriage, one individual is married to more then one spouse at the same time
Term
polygyny
Definition
marriage of one man to more then one women at a time
Term
polytheistic
Definition
believing in many gods, none of who are over any other one
Term
potlatch
Definition
a feast among Pacific northwest native americans at which great quantities of food are given to the guests by the host in order to receive prestige
Term
power
Definition
the ability to make other do as they do not want based on the threat of force
Term
prehensile
Definition
adaptive for grasping objects
Term
pressure flaking
Definition
way to make tools by striking off smaller flakes of rock by hitting it against a big rock (core)
Term
prestige
Definition
being accorded particular respect of honor
Term
priests
Definition
full time religious specialists very respected
thought to be able to relate to gods/god/high powers above others control
Term
prosimian
Definition
"pre-monkey", one of the 2 types, include lemurs, looses, and tarsiers
Term
quadrupeds
Definition
animals that walk on all fours
Term
rank societies
Definition
societies that do not have any unequal access to economic resources or power, but have unequal access to prestige or status positions
Term
reciprocity
Definition
giving and taking without the use of money
Term
redistribution
Definition
the gathering of goods or labor by a particular person or place and their subsequent distribution
Term
relative dating method
Definition
a method of dating fossils the age of the thing relative to a known specimen
Term
rituals
Definition
repetitive sets of behavior that occur in essentially the same pattern every time they occur. if religious it involves the supernatural
Term
rules of descent
Definition
rules that connect individuals through particular sets of kin because of known or presumed common ancestry
Term
science
Definition
a testable assumptions about the natural world, past or present
Term
sedentism
Definition
settled life
Term
sex differences
Definition
the typically difference between females and males the are normally due to biological difference
Term
sexual dimorphism
Definition
a marked difference in size and appearance between the male and female of a species
Term
shaman
Definition
a part time religious intermediary whos job it is to cure people by songs and dances
Term
slash and burn
Definition
a form of shifting cultivation in which the natural vegetation is cut down and burned off and then left alone for some time to regrow
Term
social identities
Definition
an aspect of self that makes a difference in how one's rights and duties distribute to specific others

Every individual has multiple social identities, all of which are never assumed at a single interaction
Term
speciation
Definition
the development of a new species
Term
statistical association
Definition
a correlation between 2 variables that is not by chance
Term
subculture
Definition
the shared customs of a subgroup within a society
Term
subsistence economics
Definition
economics in which almost all able bodied peoples are largely engaged in getting food for them and their families
Term
symbolic
Definition
Communication has meaning even when its referent (whatever is referred to) is not present.
Term
symbolic communication
Definition
a sly gesture, call, or word that has meaning even when its referent is not present
Term
syncretism
Definition
new practices and traditions
a concept borrowed from religious studies, refers to unifying or reconciling different schools of thought
Term
theory
Definition
explanations of associations or laws
Term
tribe
Definition
a territorial population in which there are kin or non-kin groups with representatives in a number of local groups
Term
variables
Definition
a thing or quantity that varies
Term
warfare
Definition
violence between political entities such as communities, districts, or nations
Term
witchcraft
Definition
the practice of attempting to harm people by supernaturals means but only through thought, no tangible
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