Term
|
Definition
| one of 2 suborders of primates, includes monkeys apes and humans |
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Term
|
Definition
a method of dating fossilsin which their actual age can be found
aka Cronometric dating
2 types |
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Term
|
Definition
| borrowing parts of culture from other cultures, usually a result of pressure from a bigger power |
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Term
|
Definition
Lower Paleolithic
large tools created to a certain shaper
sharpened by flaking off pieces
ex. Hand Axe |
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Term
|
Definition
are
attained during one’s
lifetime and generally
tied to our actions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| traits that enhance reproductive and survival success in a particular environment |
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Term
|
Definition
the practice of raising domesticated crops
mesolithic period |
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Term
|
Definition
| similar to Darwin in his belief in Evolution, also presented a paper, |
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Term
|
Definition
(Western) medicine has
roots in a Greco-Roman tradition
the practice of traditional or conventional Western medicine |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
time period in the New World in which food production developed
end of upper paleolithic |
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Term
|
Definition
any object made by a human
ex. tools, pots, buildings |
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Term
|
Definition
are ones
in which we have little
choice (e.g., age, sex,
family of birth). |
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Term
|
Definition
First defined hominids
4 million years ago
small canines
bipedal
two Groups Gracile and Robust |
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Term
|
Definition
| aka gorilla, larges of the apes today, knuckle walking, sexually dimorphic, |
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of health and behavior from the skeleton |
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Term
|
Definition
| deals with the biological or physical characteristics of humans |
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Term
|
Definition
| Walking on 2 feet/hind legs |
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Term
|
Definition
| a big gift given to the brides kin by the groom or his kin before the marriage |
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Term
| Broad spectrum collecting |
|
Definition
Populations began to cluster into ecologically richer areas
change from hunting big-game to relying on a wider variety of food sources |
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Term
| Bronisław Kasper Malinowski |
|
Definition
British-naturalized anthropologist
went to Trobriand Islands
escribed the complex institution of the Kula ring, and became foundational for subsequent theories of reciprocity and exchange
coining the term participatory observation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Taxonomy of living species
Based on structure & form
Fixity of Species
Major contributions
Classification
Nomenclature |
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Term
|
Definition
| father of evolution, from England, naturalist, 22, based on observations of species he said that species today descend from other species and vary because of environmental factors |
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Term
|
Definition
| paired rod shaped structures within the nucleus of a cell that contains the genes that transmit from one gen to the next |
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Term
|
Definition
| the gradual increasing (or decreasing) frequency of a gene from one end of a region to to another |
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Term
|
Definition
Must have knowledge of
how to use the language right |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
35,000 years ago
used to be the first known species of modern humans but they are NOT |
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Term
|
Definition
| the attitude that a societies customs and ideas should be viewed within the context of That societies problems and opportunities. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The set of learned beliefs, behaviors, attitudes, values, and ideas, that are characteristic of a society or other social group |
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Term
|
Definition
| deoxyribonucleic acid. a long 2 strand molecule in the gene that directs the makeup of an organism according to the interactions in its genetic code |
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Term
|
Definition
| an hypothesis is generated before data are collected. Then test the hypothesis for support or falsification. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a finger bone was found that was a mi of human and Neantertals DNA, big deal |
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Term
|
Definition
| deviation from clinical norms” – Biomedical concept |
|
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Term
|
Definition
how products
get to those who use them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| modifications or adaption of plants and animals made by humans. they are different from wild varieties. |
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Term
|
Definition
| societies in which people of a given age-sex have equal access to economic resources, power, and prestige. |
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Term
|
Definition
| in the reckoning of kinship the reference point or focal person |
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Term
|
Definition
| judgement of another culture in terms of one's own culture |
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Term
|
Definition
| the attitude that other societies customs and ideas can be judge with a viewpoint from ones own culture |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the careful removal of archaeological deposits, recovering artifacts, ecofacts, fossils, and features in which the soil where that stuff was found |
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Term
|
Definition
| firsthand experience with people being studied and taking notes and asking questions, often for long time periods of a year or more. relates to participate observation |
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Term
|
Definition
| species had not changed since creation |
|
|
Term
| Georges‐Louis Leclerc de Buffon |
|
Definition
Believed life was disorderly & chaotic
Recognized relationship between environment and living forms
Argued for change
during lifetime
Believed in fixity of
species |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Germ theory is a foundation of Western biomedicine
Robert Koch
Diseases based on pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
| place where Jane studied the Chimps, Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Both are Australopithecus
-Gracile are smaller teeth, and lighter facial features and dental muscles then Robust
-Robust- thicker jaws, bigger molars, bigger face muscles, extreme sagital crests, bigger cranial captives, |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| picture writing, at ancient egypt and Mayan sites in Mesoamerica |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
balance)
bloodletting
purging (emetics/poisons)
restore the system |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| group of catarrhines that include both apes and humans |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Aka. Neanderthals
Robust hominids
and very close to modern humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First hominid species to be spread widely in the Old world
1.8 mil years ago
larger brain then previous species of Homo but smaller then H. sapiens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Modern humans taxonomy
emerged 200,000 years ago
all people on earth are them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a study of Biological Anthro. the emergence of humans and their later evolution forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fluids were seen as the
essence of the body and health.
Four humours: blood, phlegm,
yellow bile, and black bile
Humoral medicine has been
practiced for thousands of years |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Sufferer’s interpretation of his or her experience” |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Upper Paleolithic
a way to make tools by shaping a big rocks into a cylinder form the makes can take bone or wood and strike it into form with a hammer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
data about a particular subject are freely collected with no
preconceived ideas. The data are then used to generate an hypothesis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stratified (tiered)
societies with fewer status positions
than persons able to fill them (e.g.,
ranked, class, and caste systems |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| He was the last member of the Yahhe tribe, he changed to the culture he was a minority in |
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Term
|
Definition
| studied chimps in Gombe National Park in Tanzania |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| first proposed mechanism of changed, species respond to environment, use and disuse |
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Term
|
Definition
| a way of tracing linage through a main ego |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Marx discussed various ways of
organizing production
kin-ordered
tributary
capitalist
stated that
the “struggle between the ruling class
and the subordinate working class was
the driving force that moved society forward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The pathogen must be found in all individuals with the
disease.
Th h b i l d d i l
11
2. The pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3. The culture should cause the disease when introduced into
another healthy individual.
4. The pathogen can be isolated from the second individual and grown in culture |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| woman leader of her section of the market |
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Term
|
Definition
The system of rules that a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and may enforce by the imposition of penalties
generalized rule to explain a body of observations in the form of a verbal or mathematical statement |
|
|
Term
| Law of Acquired Characteristics |
|
Definition
| the traits one develops during his life will be passed on to his offspring, examples muscle tone, false |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if you use something it will be better developed and passed on. opposite is true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Middle Paleolithic
a way to make tools by shaping the core and striking platform and striking flakes off to achieve a certain size |
|
|
Term
| Lineages are corporate groups |
|
Definition
Patrilineal descent (patrilineages)
Matrilineal descent (matrilineages)
a descent group that owns or controls property. |
|
|
Term
| Lower Paleolithic Period (specific) |
|
Definition
Tools are Oldowan and Acheulian stone
1.5 mil - 200,000 years ago
time of Mainly Homo erectus, but also H. sapiens, and australopithicus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 40% of a female skeleton found, helpful because so much was found so it gives a lot of info about the past |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Variables other then the ones that you know about |
|
|
Term
| Market exchange aka commercial |
|
Definition
| transactions in which the price is subject to supply and demand even if its not in a market place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
land, technology, energy
capital (raw materials)
labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Multiple healing forms and etiologies coexist
The sectors of the medical system are not
always as clearly distinguished as the
discussion of medical systems suggests, and
reality is usually much more messy
can result in syncretism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
10,000 years ago
north america
ending of the ice age
archaic people/food production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
archeological period of the old world around 12,000 BC
humans were living in semipermanent places and stopped hunting and traveling for big game so much as local food hunting and stationary food things, ex fish |
|
|
Term
| Middle Paleolithic (Specific) |
|
Definition
300,000-40,000
Neanderthals times
aka middle stone age in africa
Mousterian tools and Levallosian method |
|
|
Term
| Mitochondral DNA aka mtDNA |
|
Definition
from mother in animals
make it possible to measure the degree of relatedness between 2 species and even see how long ago these species diverged |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ways to get stuff made
Foraging
Horticulture
Agriculture
Pastoralism
Industrialization |
|
|
Term
| Mousterian tool assemblage |
|
Definition
Middle Paleolithic
fewer core (big) tools and more things like flaked off small tools like scrapers not very altered once struck off |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a change in the DNA sequence producing and altered gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some of the earliest agriculturalists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the outcome of a progress that affect the frequency of a trait in a particular environment
traits that enhance survival and reproductive success and increase these things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oriented toward physical body
Focus on symptoms, not cause
Single level of causality or etiology
Healer is specialized but gains
prestige by sharing
knowledge/teaching
Role of healer is therapeutic (cure
Diagnosis made by patient or
family
Explains illness in systemic (and
scientific) terms – not supernatural
but natural world
Biomedicine is most similar to Naturalistic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the exchange of goods and services where each party intends to profit from the exchange, often at the expense of the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka new stone age
8000 BC
evidence of first domestication in Near East |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Standerd rules of acceptable behavior in a society. the Importance is shown by the reaction when someone breaks a norm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a volcanic glass then can be used to make mirrors or sharped edge tools |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Living among people being studies and participation in their events. Asking questions and taking notes and obersvations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
As an anthropologist and physician, Dr. Farmer argues we have
to move beyond risk groups to consider the interplay between
ideology, human agency, and the powers that constrain it.
As anthropologists, like Dr. Farmer, aim to understand the
human condition, locally and globally, and apply this
knowledge to improving the lives of people world wide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rule of descent that describes individuals related to the men kin only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
medical anthropologist &
Harvard physician) has spent a career examining
how large-scale social forces become embodied in
sickness, suffering, and degradation in rural Haiti |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Based on the notion of an active
agent who impacts health of
individuals (e.g., spirits, witches,
ancestors, living people).
Healers have special power from the supernatural (e.g., shaman) and
guard this power carefully
Focus is on the cause
Healer’s role is to diagnose – find
the culprit, explain misfortune. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a sound or set of sounds that make a difference in meaning the the speakers of the language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the marriage of one woman to more the one man at a time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monkeys, chimps, apes, etc.
arboreal- tree living
Omnivorous
Opposable thumbs
Slow development
Diurna-active during the day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who study primates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transformation
of resources into products
(e.g., goods, services, and ideas)
that are of use to humans.
Limited resources (e.g., energy,
clean water, land, forests) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a subpopulation that differ slightly from other varieties of species Not used in anthropology because it's not accurate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the seed bearing part of a plant, in wild grain the rachis shatter and spread easily, in domesticated ones they are hard to remove, ex. of domestication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that some races are inferior to other |
|
|
Term
| Radiocarbon aka Carbon-14 dating |
|
Definition
type of absolute dating
judged on the half life of C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Raw materials
things used to make goods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Culturally defined activities associated with
the transition from one place or stage of life to
another.
Birth
Death
Marriage
Rites of Adulthood
Three Phases of Rites of Passage (Van Gennep)
Separation, liminality, integration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the structure of a language determines or greatly influences the modes of thought and behavior characteristic of the culture in which it is spoken. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Science is a set of testable Laws on the natural world, past or present
Religion is untestable and is based on the supernatural |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
“is a social category – the sick role in a particular
society, the way a person who is ill is expected to
behave.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| locations where the material remains of human activity have been preserved in a way that archeologists can recover them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of people who occupy a common territory and speak a common language that is not usually understood by surrounding people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a populations that consists of organism able to interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a political unit with centralized decision making over many communities with power to govern by force (taxes, draft people for war) public building, religious and craft specialists, and art style,an elite class, use of force to implement policies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located in southern Iraq
developed 3000 B.C
begin of cities and states
agriculture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a systematic
examination of a larger
area to determine the
potential for containing
archaeological sites or
historic properties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ways in which words are arranged to form words and sentences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organization of species by nomenclature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| escribed the complex institution of the Kula ring, and became foundational for subsequent theories of reciprocity and exchange |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affiliation with a group of kin through descent links of one sex only |
|
|
Term
| Upper Paleolithic (general) |
|
Definition
| the time period associated with the spread of modern humans and their spread around the world |
|
|
Term
| Upper paleolithic (specific) |
|
Definition
40,000-10,000 years ago
humans first emerged
smaller tools
art here
arrow and spear |
|
|
Term
What is the primary goal of Kula ring
partners? |
|
Definition
to establish and solidify long‐term trading
partnerships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultural traits that enhance survival and reproductive success in a particular environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one member of a pair of genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supernatural beings who are the ghosts of dead relatives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Natural world as alive with spirits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of man, seek to answer a lot of different questions about man and his origins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a discipline that studies humans and focus on the different and similarities of biological and cultural in human pop.
all periods all over the world
Past cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| giving with the expectation of a straightforward immediate or limited time trade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fairly small nomadic group that is politicly autonomous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most pop. form of western medicine today |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| work performed by the groom for his brides family for some time before or after the marriage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed system of surplus, market based, producers and consumers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultivating a commodity to be sold rather then used for personal reasons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a ranked group sometimes associated with a job in which is determined at birth and marriage is restricted to member of one caste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a political unit with a chief at the head integrating more the one community but not always the entire society or language group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in Africa, 2 species, use tools, social with other spcies of primate, not very sexually dimorphic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a category of people who have about the same access to obtain prestige, power, and resources. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| societies containing social groups that have unequal access to power, economic resources, and prestige. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the gradual increase or decrease frequency of one gene from one end of the region to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using more the 1 language in the course of conversation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase dependance on buying and selling normally with money as the exchange medium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wedge shaped writing invited by the Sumerians around 300 bc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gap between the canine and the first premolar, found in apes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of borrowing one society's cultural traits as a result of contact between 2 cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all societies have some division of labor based on age ans sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transmission of cultural knowledge to children, example speaking habits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rule saying you can only marry someone within your kin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of defining ethnicity usually involves a group of people emphasizing common origins and language, shared history, and selected aspects of culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| creation of a new culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the health beliefs and practices of a cultural group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rule specifying marriage to a person from outside one's own group |
|
|
Term
| extensive or shifting cultivation |
|
Definition
| a type of horticulture in which the land is worked for short periods of time and then left to regenerate for some time before being used again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| showing that a theory seems to be wrong by finding that it's implications are no supported by the collected data |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
artifacts made by humans that can not be removed from their site
ex. hearths, storage pits, buildings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food-getting is dependent on cultivation and domestication of plants and animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food getting process by obtaining wild plants and animals through gathering, hunting, scavenging, or fishing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| male-female, sex of species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difference between male and female that reflect cultural expectations and experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which genes pass from the gene pool of one pop. to that of another through mutation and reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gift giving without any immediate or planed return |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the various random process that affect gene frequencies in small, isolated populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total complement of inherited traits or genes of an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of related species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ongoing spread of goods, people, and information around the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the times t takes for half the atoms of a radioactive substance to decay into atoms of a different substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of how language changes over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the group of hominoids that include human and their direct ancestors. 2 gene Homo and Australopithecus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant cultivation carried out with relatively simple tools and methods, nature replaces nutrients instead of permanently cultivated fields |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
people who collect food from naturally occurring resources ex. wild game, fish, animals
aka foragers or food collectors |
|
|
Term
inequalities may result in differential
advantages in |
|
Definition
Economic resources – goods, services, wealth
(2) Power – ability to influence by force and/or coercion
(3) Prestige – respect or honor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the order or major group of mammals, that is adaptive to feeding on insects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food production characterized by the permanent cultivation of fields made possible by the plow and other agricultural things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a set of kin who members trace descent from a common ancestor through known links |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cultural traits that diminish the change of reproduction or survival in a particular environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a socially approved sexually and economic union, permanent, a couple, produce children. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
objects the people leave behind, may be intentional like writings or unintentional like trash
used in Archeology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rule of descent that affects bother genders related to them through women only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a married couple lives with or near the parents or kin of the bride |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the application of anthro. knowledge to the study of health and sickness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marriage between only one man and only one woman at a time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| believe in only 1 high god and everything else is below him/her |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one or more morphs with the same meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of how sound sequences convey meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pattern of residence where a married couple lives separately from the kin of both spouses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a family consisted of a married couple and their young children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eating both plants and meat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a thumb that can touch the tips of all of the other fingers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the theory that individuals seek to maximize their return in the labor by deciding which animals and plants they will go after |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a form of subsistence technology in which food gathering is based directly or indirectly on the maintenance of domesticated animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a married couples lives with or close to the husbands parents or kin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the observable physical appearance of an organism, affected by genes and environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plural marriage, one individual is married to more then one spouse at the same time |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| marriage of one man to more then one women at a time |
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Definition
| believing in many gods, none of who are over any other one |
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Definition
| a feast among Pacific northwest native americans at which great quantities of food are given to the guests by the host in order to receive prestige |
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| the ability to make other do as they do not want based on the threat of force |
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| adaptive for grasping objects |
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| way to make tools by striking off smaller flakes of rock by hitting it against a big rock (core) |
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| being accorded particular respect of honor |
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Definition
full time religious specialists very respected
thought to be able to relate to gods/god/high powers above others control |
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| "pre-monkey", one of the 2 types, include lemurs, looses, and tarsiers |
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Definition
| animals that walk on all fours |
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| societies that do not have any unequal access to economic resources or power, but have unequal access to prestige or status positions |
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Definition
| giving and taking without the use of money |
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| the gathering of goods or labor by a particular person or place and their subsequent distribution |
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| a method of dating fossils the age of the thing relative to a known specimen |
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Definition
| repetitive sets of behavior that occur in essentially the same pattern every time they occur. if religious it involves the supernatural |
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| rules that connect individuals through particular sets of kin because of known or presumed common ancestry |
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| a testable assumptions about the natural world, past or present |
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Definition
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| the typically difference between females and males the are normally due to biological difference |
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| a marked difference in size and appearance between the male and female of a species |
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Definition
| a part time religious intermediary whos job it is to cure people by songs and dances |
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Definition
| a form of shifting cultivation in which the natural vegetation is cut down and burned off and then left alone for some time to regrow |
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Definition
an aspect of self that makes a difference in how one's rights and duties distribute to specific others
Every individual has multiple social identities, all of which are never assumed at a single interaction |
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Definition
| the development of a new species |
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| a correlation between 2 variables that is not by chance |
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| the shared customs of a subgroup within a society |
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| economics in which almost all able bodied peoples are largely engaged in getting food for them and their families |
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| Communication has meaning even when its referent (whatever is referred to) is not present. |
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| a sly gesture, call, or word that has meaning even when its referent is not present |
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new practices and traditions
a concept borrowed from religious studies, refers to unifying or reconciling different schools of thought |
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| explanations of associations or laws |
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| a territorial population in which there are kin or non-kin groups with representatives in a number of local groups |
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| a thing or quantity that varies |
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Definition
| violence between political entities such as communities, districts, or nations |
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Definition
| the practice of attempting to harm people by supernaturals means but only through thought, no tangible |
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