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Anthropology Final
Fina;
79
Anthropology
Undergraduate 2
08/08/2013

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Microevolution
Definition
Small scale evolution, genetic changes withing a population over time
Term

Empirical Observation 

Definition

=Received through the senses. 

Term

A Hypothesis must meet all except:       

Definition

 =Always use the same research design between different hypothesis.

Term

Heterozygous

Definition

 

 

=Having two different alleles of a particular gene (earlobes Ee)

Term

Homozygous

Definition

=Having two like alleles of a particular gene. It is dominant when the allele is dominant and recessive when the allele is recessive. Earlobes (EE)

Term

The Y Chromosome (physical, mechanisms, size and relevance)

Definition

 

 

=The smaller of two sex chromosome .Females usually posses no Y chromosome, males usually posses one x and one y chromosome. 22 pairs of nonsex chromosomes. Sex chromosomes of male are not homologous. Carries few genes.

Term

What is Linkage?

Definition

= genes on the same chromosome are said to be linked and the phenomenon  . only two types of gamates are produced instead of four.but sometimes there is a crossover. 

Term
What is Phenotype?
Definition
=an organisms observable or measurable characteristics,it includes physical appearance, internal anatomy, and physiology.
Term
Human Phenotype traits?
Definition
a particular hai texture, and allergy, a blood type.
Term
What is x-linked?
Definition
Refers to genes on the x chromosome, and it refers to the males would inherit x linked genes/
Term
Who is Gregor Mendels ?
Definition
=Mechanisms of heredity
Term
What is Dominant and a recessive trait?
Definition
a dominant trait is in seen in the hybrid, the recessive is not seen yet and it can be passed on in a later cros
Term
What is theory ?
Definition
a step in the scientific method in which a statement is generated on the basis of highly confirmed hypotheses and used to generalize about condtions not yet tested
Term
Why is Linnaeus Classification Important?
Definition
It is necessary for a scientific understanding of the relationship of one plant or animal to the next.
Term
What is Y and Z?
Definition
Term
What is the study of heredity?
Definition
study of sciengenetics, relates to mendelins gennetics , important for the understanding of heredity and human genetics
Term
How many Major Allelles are in the ABO system?
Definition
 Three allelles , A, B, or O
Term
Tay- Sachs Disease
Definition
jewish are highers carries 1 in 3600
Term
What are the deviations from Mendellans genetics?(covered)
Definition
Term
Steps for successful reproduction
Definition

1.survival , if they die young he wnt produce as much or wont produce at all. 

2.success of mating if they cant mate reproductive mate will be low or nonexistent

3.fitness endurable will produce varying numbers of offspring

Term
Is Human a technical word?
Definition
No its a coloptical term, there is no technical word
Term
Earliest Species?
Definition
Homo
Term
How do mutations occur?
Definition
Spontaneous mutation,induced mutation, exact cause cant be determined. Chemicals, compounded in medicines, waters.
Term
What must happen to an organism in order for an organism to move into a new ecological ocean to land?
Definition
There has to be physical access, the habitats in which the individuals live must provide a variety of niches,the individual must be preadapted to some degerees, and either the new nich must be unoccupied or the entering indididuals must be able to compete succesfully with other populations already existing in the niche.
Term
The affect of bottlenecking in a population?
Definition
the reduction of the poppulation causes a reduction in variation because of the probability that some variants will lost by chance as individuals are lost from the population.
Term
What is the effect of Consanguinous mating?
Definition
have no effects on the alleles but increases the probability of homozygous and decrease of herterozygous individuals
Term
What is assortive mating?
Definition
People with certain phenotype tend to mate more or less often than would be expected if matins were random. It influences gene combination in successive generations
Term
What is genetic equilibrium?
Definition
a hypothetical state in which a population is not evolving because the allele frequencies remian constant over time.
Term
is genetic equilibrium like to occur?
Definition
there needs to be no mution, infinite population size, no introduction of genes from neighboring populatios, random mating and equal fertility. Unlikely. all population is evolving.
Term
Directional Selection
Definition
a shift in population by genration example choosing someone with larger bod size, the smaller body being selected agaisnts
Term
stabilizing selection
Definition
human infants that are lighters or heavier than average do not survive as well as do those of avarage weight
Term
disruptive
Definition
diversity increases and sometimes populations actually fragment into two new populations
Term
Intersexual
Definition
traits that make males more attractive to females
Term
Binomen
Definition
a two parth name given to species, the first name is also the name of the genus. and example of binomen is homo sapiens.
Term
what is Artificial selection
Definition
The deliberate breeding of domesticated animals or plants.
Term
What is selective agent>
Definition
Any factor that brings about differences in fertility and mortality. Like the small pox .
Term
What is fitness and How is it measured?
Definition
Mesures how well an individual or population is adapted to a specific ecological niche as seen in reproductive rates. By the amount of offspring one has.
Term
The Fossil Whales
Definition
They evolved from a ladn dwelling hoofed mammal. Pakicetus oldes whatle indiea. They had feet ambulocetus natans, basilosaurus cetoides
Term
What type of mammals are humans? What are their traits?
Definition
Belong to Chordates, belong to species homo sapies and genus homo, we are mammamilia.teeth, regulation of body temperature, mammary glands
Term
who is responsible for the form of the modern system of reclassification
Definition
Linneaus
Term
Who is responsible for taxanomimation biological mandel
Definition
Term
Where did the higher taxa and lower taxa break?
Definition
Genious of species (lower taxa)
Term
What are the taxation levels of who has more organisms>
Definition
you have the least at the bottom and more at the top, bottom(genus,homo; species, homo sapiens) top(Domain, Eukaryota;Kingdom, Animalia
Term
What is Order?What is Class?
Definition

1. Major division of a class, consissting of cloesely related families

2. Major division of a phylum, consisting of closely related orders.

 

Term
Which one is higher, order or class?
Definition
Class is higher?
Term
What are apes generally adapted for?
Definition
Leaping patterns of locomotion to grasp, climb and land, to consume fruits that grow on the ends of slender branches, enhanced vision and grasping feet to find insects
Term
Which apes still exist that dont live in great africa?
Definition
Term
What is the Hypothesis that recognizes pattersns on why they have evolved for?
Definition
Term
What are the traits in primates that make unusual?
Definition
Term
What trait is diminishing for primates and which one has become enhanced?
Definition
Term
Why are primates able to see in three dimensions biologically
Definition
Term
what is intermembral index the measure of?
Definition
the lenght of the humerus and radius relative to the lenght of the femur and tibia
Term
Intermembral Index measuremnt numbers high and low , what it means?
Definition
index of 100 arms and legs are of equal lenght, index over 100 indicates longers arms tha legs. index under 100 means that the legs are longer.
Term
What are the adaptions for erect biopedalism?
Definition
A form of locomotion found in humans in which the body is maintained in a an upright posture on two legs while moving by means of a heel toe stride.
Term
What is foreign magnum?
Definition
Foreign means whole in a bone, magnum is a big hole in bone.
Term
What are the dental formulas?
Definition

2.1.2.3

_______

2.1.2.3

 

there are two incisors, one canine, two premolars and three molars 

Term
What are the 3 types of locomotion?
Definition
vertical clinging and leaping, branc running and walking, and ground running and walking.
Term
What does dominance interaction in bamboon look like?
Definition

Dominant males are good physical condition, confident and aggressive and attract support from other males.

Aggression is expressed by staring , raisig the eyebrow to expose the distinctively colored eyelid, slapping the ground , jerking the head back an forth, and "yawning" 

Term
Social interactions with chimpanzees?
Definition
Can be determined by the terms domincance and submission. the suborninate holds back
Term
Chimpanzees as hunters
Definition
they hunt betweein 4 to 10 times a month, they do it in groups, they share the meat from 1hour 40 minute to 9 hours.They choose the Head .
Term
what is grooming? Why do they do it?
Definition
going through the fur with hand or teeth to remove insects, dirt, twigs, dead sking and so on, it shows signs of affection.and femal and males to bond.
Term
How have the majorityy of humans survived?
Definition
Term
Estruss and hertrus, what difference does it cause-
Definition
Term
The definition of culture
Definition
Culture is learned nonrandom, sytematic behavior and knowledge. it is transmitted from person to person and from genetration ,it is the accumalated inventory of ideas values , beliefs and manufactured goods.
Term
Primates and protocultures the signs that they show?
Definition
they are genetically determeined but also many behavioral patterns are apperantly learned.
Term
What did the Koshima Island represent? The conclusion?
Definition

it saw the increased use of lomotor pattern as a new learned behavioral pattern , washing sweet potatoes in salt water was learned. 

It suggest that changes in the frequency of an anatomical trait might result from change in a behavioral pattern. 

Term
What are the learned behavior patterns in chimpanzees?
Definition
The use of termite sticks, the use of human made objects, they learn in their play groups. they learn how to be effective mothers by watching their own mothers.
Term
what is taphonomy?
Definition
the study of the proceses of burial and fossilizatin
Term
What happens for something to become a fossil?
Definition
The remais of the organism must be suitable for fossilazation;deceased organism must be buried very quickly after death;the remains must be favorable for fossilizaton
Term
Is the fossil record complete
Definition
No it isnt. Only 0.004 percent are the only ones represented
Term
The first neandertals found?
Definition
In La Chapelle-aux-Sains France. He was not rght as he had arthiritis but the pictuer were of hunched over and bowlegged with massive brow ridges and betial features
Term
What is the difference between populationism and typologist ?
Definition

The viewpoint is the only individuals have reality and that the type is illusory, since no individuals are exactly alike, variation underlies all existence. 

 

The viewpoint that basic variation of a type is illusory and that only fixed ideal types are real;two fossils that differ from each other in certain repects represent two types and, hene are two diffenrent species. 

 

Term
What is autralopithecines?
Definition
members of the genera australopithecus and parantropus who lived in africa approximately 4 to 1 million years ago.
Term
The difference between the earlies autralopithecus and parathropus?
Definition
one possesed a sagittal crest on the top of the cranuim, a large mandible and very large premolars and molars.
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