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Anthropology FINAL
meh.
53
Archaeology
Undergraduate 3
11/15/2011

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Term
Acculturation
Definition
the exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact.
Term
Achieved Status
Definition
social status that come through talents, actions, efforts, activities, and accomplishments, rather than ascription.
Term
Adaptation
Definition
The process by which organisms cope with environmental stresses.
Term
Age Set
Definition
Group uniting all men or women(usually men) born during a certain time span; this group controls property and often has political and military functions.
Term
Agency
Definition
The active role that individuals play in interpreting, using, making, and remaking culture.
Term
Animism
Definition
Belief in souls or doubles
Term
Anthropology
Definition
The study of human species and its immediate ancestors
Term
Applied Anthropology
Definition
The application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems.
Term
Archaeological Anthropology
Definition
The branch of anthropology that reconstructs, describes, and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains; best known for the study of prehistory.
Term
Ascribed Status
Definition
Social status that people have little or no choice about occupying.
Term
Assimilation
Definition
The process of change that a minority group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates; the minority is incorporated into the dominant culture to the point that is no longer exists as a separate cultural unit.
Term
Big Man
Definition
Figure often found among tribal horticulturalists and pastoralists. He occupies no office but creates his reputation through entrepreneurship and generosity to others.
Term
Biological anthropology
Definition
The Branch of Anthropology that studies human biological diversity in time and space--ie: genetics, evolution and primatology.
Term
Chiefdom
Definition
Form of sociopolitical organization intermediate between the tribe and the state; kin-based with differential access to resources and a permanent political structure.
Term
Clan
Definition
Unilineal descent group based on stipulated descent.
Term
Communitas
Definition
Intense community spirit, a feeling of great social solidarity equality, and togetherness; characteristic of people experiencing liminality together.
Term
Cultural Anthropology
Definition
The study of human society and culture; describes, interprets, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences.
Term
Cultural Relativism
Definition
The position that values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
Borrowing between cultures, wither directly or through intermediaries.
Term
Enculturation
Definition
The social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across generations.
Term
Emic
Definition
The research strategy that focuses on native explanations and criteria of significance.
Term
Endogamy
Definition
Marriage between people of the same social group.
Term
Ethnicity
Definition
Identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group and exclusion from other groups because of this affiliation.
Term
Ethnography
Definition
Field work in a particular culture.
Term
Ethnology
Definition
The theoretical, comparative study of society and culture; compares culture in time and space.
Term
Etic
Definition
The research strategy that emphasizes the observer's rather than the native's explanations, categories and criteria of significance.
Term
Exogamy
Definition
Mating or marrying outside one's kin group; a cultural universal.
Term
Generalized Reciprocity
Definition
Principle that characterizes exchanges between closely related individuals. As social distance increases, reciprocity becomes balanced and finally negative.
Term
Horticulture
Definition
Nonindustrial system of plant cultivation in which plots lie fallow for varying lengths of time.
Term
Independent Invention
Definition
Development of the same culture trait or pattern in separate cultures as a result of comparable needs and circumstances.
Term
Intellectual Property Rights
Definition
Each society's cultural base--its core beliefs and principles. essentially a cultural right allowing indigenous groups to control who may know and use their collective knowledge.
Term
Key Cultural Consultant
Definition
An expert on a particular aspect of local life who helps the ethnographer understand that aspect.
Term
Leveling Mechanisms
Definition
Customs and social actions that operate to reduce differences in wealth and thus to bring standouts in line with community norms.
Term
Magic
Definition
Use of supernatural techniques to accomplish specific aims.
Term
Majority Groups
Definition
Superordinate, dominant or controlling groups in social-political hierarchy.
Term
Mana
Definition
Sacred and impersonal force in Melanesian and Polynesian religions.
Term
Market Principle
Definition
Profit oriented principle of exchange that dominates in states, particularly industrial states.
Term
Minority Groups
Definition
Subordinate groups in a social-political hierarchy, with inferior power and less secure access to resources than majority groups have.
Term
Participant Observation
Definition
A characteristic ethnographic technique; taking part in the events one is observing, describing and analyzing.
Term
Pastoralists
Definition
People who use a food producing strategy of adaptation based on a care of herds of domesticated animals.
Term
Phenotype
Definition
An organism's evident traits.
Term
Plural Society
Definition
A society that combines ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization(i.e., use of different environmental resources by each ethnic group) and the economic interdependence of those groups.
Term
Race
Definition
An ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis.
Term
Redistribution
Definition
Major exchange mode of chiefdoms, many archaic states and some states with managed economies.
Term
Religion
Definition
Beliefs and rituals concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces.
Term
Rites of Passage
Definition
Culturally defined activities associated with the transition from one place or stage of life to another.
Term
Shaman
Definition
A part-time religious practitioner who mediates between ordinary people and supernatural beings and forces.
Term
Tribe
Definition
Form of sociopolitical organization usually based on horticulture or pastoralism.
Term
Redistribution
Definition
Major exchange mode of chiefdoms, many archaic states and some states with managed economies.
Term
Religion
Definition
Beliefs and rituals concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces.
Term
Rites of Passage
Definition
Culturally defined activities associated with the transition from one place or stage of life to another.
Term
Shaman
Definition
A part-time religious practitioner who mediates between ordinary people and supernatural beings and forces.
Term
Tribe
Definition
Form of sociopolitical organization usually based on horticulture or pastoralism.
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