Term
|
Definition
| the family into which someone is born or adopted and raised |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the family that is formed when someone becomes pregnant and raise one or more children. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a family formed on the of martial ties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| related women, their brothers, and the women's offspring. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a married couple raising children together from their previous unions |
|
|
Term
| new reproductive technologies (NRT's) |
|
Definition
| refers to alternative means of reproduction such as surrogate motherhood and in vitro fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group consisting of one ormore paretns and dependent offspring, which may include a stepparent, stepsiblings, and adopted children. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| several closely related nuclear families clustered together into a large domestic group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one individual with multiple spouses and all of their children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the locality associated with the husband's father's relatives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a residence pattern in which a married couple lives with in the locality associated with the wife's parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a network of relative within individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any publicly recognized social entity requiring lineal descent from a particular real or mythical ancestor for membership |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a corporate descent group a unified body or cops of consanguineal relatives who trace their genealogical inks to a common ancestor and associate with one another for a shared purpose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typically consisting of several lineages, a clan is non-corporate descent group whose members assume descent from a common ancestor without actually knowing the genealogical links to that ancestor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| descent that establishes group membership exclusively through either the male or female line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| descent traced exclusively through the female line to establish group membership |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| descent traced exclusively through the male line to establish group membership |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system tracing descent matrilineally for some purposes and patrilineally for others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| descent in which the individual may affiliate with either the mother's or father's descent group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the splitting of a descent group into two or more new descent groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that people are related to particular animals, plants, or natural objects by virtue of descent from common ancestral spirits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a unilineal descent group composed of tow or more clans tat assume they share a common ancestry but do not know the precise genealogical links of that ancestry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an individual's close relatives on the maternal and paternal sides of his other family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| system of kinship terminology, also called lineal system, which emphasizes the nuclear family by specifically identifying the mother, father, brother, and sister, while lumping together all other relatives into broad categories such as uncle, aunt, and cousin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kinship reckoning in which all relatives of the same sex and generation are referred to by the same term. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kinship terminology where in a father and father's brother are referred to by a single term, as are a mother and mother's sister, but a father's sister and mother's brother are given seperate terms. Paralel cousins are classified with brothers and sister, while cross cousins are classified separately, by not equated with relatives of some other generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kinship classification usually associated with matrilineal descent in which a father's sister and father's sister's daughter are called by the same term, mother and mother's sister are merged under another, and father and father's brother are lumped in a third. Parallel cousins are equated with brothers and sisters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| societies in which peopel are divide or ranked into social tiers and do not share equally in the basic resources that support life, influence, and prestige |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| societies in which everyone has about equal access to and power over basic resources. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a category of individuals who enjoy equal or nearly equal prestige according to the system of evaluation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a closed social class in which membership is determined by birth and fixed for life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what people in a stratified society say about other in their society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a stratified society, activities and possessions indicative of social class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to change one's class position |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stratified societies that severely restrict social mobility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stratified societies that permit a great deal of social mobility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stratified societies that permit a great deal of social mobility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the way power is distributed and embedded in society; the means through which a society creates and maintains social order and reduces social disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relatively small and loosely organized kin-ordered group that inhabits a specific territory and that may split periodically into smaller extended family groups that are politically independent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to a range of kin-ordered grousp taht ar politically integrated by some unifying facotr and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, and territory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single chief, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territorial base, and history. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| control through beliefs and values deeply internalize in the minds of individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| external control through open coercion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| externalized social controls designed to encourage conformity to social norms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formal negative sanctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the right of political leaders to govern to hold use, and allocate power based on the values a particular societies hold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the collective body of ideas that members of a culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their reality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organized system of ideas about spiritual reality, or the supernatural, along with associated beliefs and ceremonial practices by which people try to interpret and control aspects of the universe otherwise beyond their control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concern with the sacred, as distinguished from material matters. In contrast to religion, spirituality is often individual rather than collective and does not require a distinctive format or traditional organization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| belief in several gods and or goddesses (monotheism is only one god) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a belief that nature is enlivened or energized by distinct personalized spirit beings separable from bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a person who enters an altered state of consciousness to contact and utilize an ordinarily hidden reality in order to acquire knowledge, power, and to help others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| magic based on the principle that like produces life; sometimes called sympathetic magic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an explanation of events based on the belief that certain individuals possess an innate psychic power capable of causing harm, including sickness and death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spread of central ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| massive cultural changes that people are forced to make as a consequence of intensive firsthand contact between their own group and another, often more powerful, society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extermination of one people by another, often in the name of progress, either as a deliberate act or as the accidental outcome of activities carried out by one people with little regard for their impact on others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| public policy for managing cultural diversity in a multi-ethnic society, officially stressing mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences within a country's borders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when birthrates and death rates are in equilibrium people produce only enough offspring to replace themselves when they die |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marriage outside any particular named group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marriage within any particular group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| legal rule that prohibits sexual intercourse or marriage between particular classes of kin, is often explained as a way to extend alliances between kin groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lack of formal social stratification, inequality in personal relations based on age, gender, or personal ability, but no catgory of persons within the same sex or age group has special privilege
(hunter gatherers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain unequal access to prestige, but not to valued economic resources. there may be chiefs or other persons with authority and prestige, and they may gain access to rank by birth by their positions give them no substantial economic advantage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organize around formal modes of social stratification, members are likely to form classes or castes, and inequality affects access to both prestige and economic resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wronged individuals are given the right to settle matters themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical or mental combat between disputants may also be used to settle disputes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of values which override differences and unify the group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a way to communicate with the supernatural, which requires material objects or animals to provide answers to human directed questions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of powerful forces that reshape local conditions on an ever intensifying scale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ethnocentric notion that humans are moving forward to a higher, more advanced state in their development toward perfection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by peoples whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the profound cultural change associated with the early domestication of plants and animals |
|
|
