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Anthropology Exam 1
Thank you Kate
74
Anthropology
Undergraduate 3
09/22/2010

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Term
Archeology
Definition
a subset of anthropology
Term
Anthropology
Definition
the study of people, biological creatures
Term
Biocultural Approach
Definition
study where you look at both genetics and culture. what it means to be human.
Term
Holistic
Definition
looking at every aspect of humans. very broad.
Term
Comparative
Definition
comparing behaviors within/between groups.
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
looking down on other cultures expecting them to do as you do.
Term
Cultural Relativism
Definition
what you should strive for. study within historical and environmental factors and do not pass judgement.
Term
Field Work
Definition
a period of time in which an anthropologist collects data. can be anywhere.
Term
Linguistic Anthropology (subset)
Definition
scientific study of language.
how people communicate, appropriate use of language.
Can involve gender.
Origins and dialects.
Term
Sociocultural Anthropology (subset)
Definition
Culture - a learned behavior that is distinct among a group of people, passed down. dress, food, politics, beliefes.
- Medicinal Anthro - how cultures respond to sickness
Term
Archeology (subset)
Definition
study of the past based on material remains.
pottery, ceramics, tools.
Historic vs. Prehistoric
Old world vs. New world.
Term
Physical (biological) Anthropology (subset)
Definition
Oldest.
Study of humans and related primates.
-Osteology - study of skeleton (sex, race, disease)
Term
Physical Anthropology (continued)
Definition
Evolutionary Theory - change over time, ranging from population change to new species

Paleoanthropolgoy - study of fossils related to humans

Primatology - study of primates

Human variation - how different people respond to different diseases.
Term
Science
Definition
process of understanding
Term
scientific method
Definition
- problem identified
- hypothesis established
- data collection (experimentation)
- Theory (can change)
Term
Franz Boas
Definition
Father of american anthropology.
Had idea of 4 subfields.
Trained early well no anthropologists
Term
Ales Hrdlicka
Definition
American.
Interested in skull shape.
Most complete bone collection.
Began American Journal for Physical Anthropology.
Founded American Association of Anthropologists.
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
4 Ideas
- species change - evolution
- branching - all living things came form a common ancestor.
- Gradualism - change is gradual
- Natural Selection - recognizes role of nature
Term
MIddle Ages Time Period
Definition
Feudal system.
King, Church, Feudal Lords.
Term
Order and Stasis
Definition
Order - things had a heriarchal order
Stasis - things do not change, influenced by religion
Term
Rennaissance
Definition
14-18th century.
Enlightenment.
Invention of printing press.
Increased exploration.
Telescope.
Term
Carolus Linnaeus (Dawin influence)
Definition
Binomial Nomenclature - two word system for classifying organisms, genius species
Term
Buffon (DI)
Definition
french man who recognized the influence of enviroment on life
Term
Lamark (DI)
Definition
- believed species could change over time.
- inheritance of aquired characteristics
Term
Cuvier (DI)
Definition
- Catastrophism - multiple catastrophes caused extincition.
-
Term
Lyell (DI)
Definition
Uniformitariasim - process where things from the past still work.
- landscape is constantly changing
Term
Malthus (DI)
Definition
Demographer - studies population
Term
Alfred Wallace (DI)
Definition
influence of enviroment, natural selection, and survival.
Term
Charles Darwin 2
Definition
On the beagle, journeyed around the world.
Galapagos Islands
Worked with Wallace, survival of fitest and natural selection.
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
- biological variation
- reproduction/competition
-advantageous traits
-assed on/accumulate
-Fitness - describes individually who successful pass on traits.
Term
Study Examples of Natural Selection
Definition
Term
Hereditary
Definition
Homuncleus - fully formed person in sperm cell
Term
Cells
Definition
- basic unit of life
- Prok and Euk
- somatic cells- make up tissue
- gametes - sex cells
Term
HIstory of DNA
Definition
1944 - transmission
1954 - structural/ functional model
Watson, Crick nobel prize.
2 chains of nucleoties (sugar, phosphate)
Base - agct
Term
Heredity
Definition
gene - sequence of dna
Karyotupe
Chromosome - sequence of genes, 46
Autosome - physical trait 44
sex chromosome - determine sex 2
homologous - traits line up 23
Term
Mitosis
Definition
somatic cell division.
2 daughter cells, identical.
Diploid-46
Term
Meiosis
Definition
Leads to sex cells.
Recombination
4 daughter cells, not identical.
haploid - 23
Term
Nondisjunction
Definition
failure of chromosomes in meiosis
Term
Monosomy
Definition
missing chromosome
Term
trisomies
Definition
too many chromosomes
Term
Gregor Mendel
Definition
Father of modern genetics.
Worked with pea plants.
Term
Principle of segregation
Definition
chromosomes occur in pairs, seperate, and reunite at fertilization.
Term
gene
Definition
sequence of dna for a trait
Term
allele
Definition
alternate form of a gene
Term
locus
Definition
location of a gene on a chromosome
Term
genotype/phenotype
Definition
genetic material (Tt)
physical expression (tall)
Term
principle of independent assortment
Definition
genes that code for different traits will seperate independently
Term
Punnett Squares - Mendelian Inheritance
Definition
inheritance of traits that follows simple patterns. “Mendelian traits/ traits of simple inheritance” means that the traits are controlled by genes at only one locus. These traits tend to be discreet and tend to be either present or absent. Either you have it or you don’t.
Term
P.S. Examples
Definition
- ability to taste PTC, very bitter
- tongue roll
Term
Blood types
Definition
Alleles (a,b,o) code for antigens on cells
- types are a, b, ab, o
- a and b are codominate
- a-(AA or AO) is recessive
- AB is universal recipient
- o is universal donor
Term
Polygenic Inheritance
Definition
Traits coded for by genes at more than one locus
Term
Environmental influence
Definition
can affect polygenic traits
Dominant disorders - brach and ach
recessive - cystic
Term
Evolution
Definition
changes in the frequency of a trait
Term
modern synthesis
Definition
mutation, the production, and distribution of variation and natural selection are both at work (influence of environment
Term
microevolution
Definition
small scale
Term
macroevolution
Definition
compounded, long term change.
Term
Population
Definition
people do not evolve, populations do.
Term
mutations
Definition
change in dna sequence
Term
gene flow
Definition
movement of alleles through groups
Term
genetic drift
Definition
changes in alleles through random events
Term
bottleneck effect
Definition
large population suddenly reduced.
Term
founder effect
Definition
small groups separate and colonize.
Term
natural selection
Definition
biological variation leading to differential success under specific environmental circumstances.
Term
sickle cell trait
Definition
mutation causes hemoglobin molecules to be deformed.
Term
balanced polymorphism
Definition
maintenance of two or more alleles.
Term
Mongenism
Definition
all people descend from a single original pair
Term
polygenism
Definition
different populations came from different original pairs
Term
Mid 19th century - biological determinism
Definition
behavioral attributes associated with genetic traits
Term
Race
Definition
Species
cultural/ethnic identity
religious identity
physical characteristics
Term
Human variation - human response to stress
Definition
cultural - cloths, fireplace,
acclimization (physilogical) - sun burn
developmental - lung capacity at altitude, not reversable.
Genetic - skin color, not reversable and inherited.
Term
Solar Radiation - skin pigmentaion
Definition
melanin - protection
- need for vitamin d made lighter skin
Term
Temperature Extremes
Definition
Heat - easier to handle
vasodialation - when capalaries dialte

Cold - shiver generates heat
cold places have higher metabolic rate.
Vasoconstriction - capillaries constrict.
Term
Bergmann's and Allen's rules
Definition
- corelation between body size and shape relative to equator
Bergman's - size increases with distance from equator.
Allen's-within a species, limb length decreases as distance from the equator increases.
Term
High Altitudes
Definition
25,000 above 10,000
Hypoxia - body has to work harder for oxygen
Moken people - dive 75 feet for food
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