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Anthropology chapter 5
n/a
36
Anthropology
Undergraduate 2
09/15/2012

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Term
cline
Definition
a gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next
Term
life history
Definition
timing and details of growth events and development events from conception through senescence and death
Term
stressors
Definition
any factor that can cause stress in an organism, potentially affecting the body's proper functioning and its homeostasis
Term
intrauterine
Definition
refers to the area within the uterus
Term
growth velocity
Definition
the speed with which an organism grows in size, often measured as the amount of growth per year
Term
deciduous dentition
Definition
aka baby teeth or milk teeth, this is the first set of teeth, which form in utero and erupt shortly after birth
Term
weaning
Definition
the process of substituting other foods for the milk produced by the mother
Term
motor skills
Definition
refers to the performance of complex movements and actions that require the control of nerves and muscles
Term
cognitive abilities
Definition
refers to the capacity of the brain to perceive, process, and judge information from the surrounding environment.
Term
menarche
Definition
refers to the onset of menstruation in an adolescent female
Term
sexual dimorphism
Definition
a difference in a physical attribute between the males and females of a species
Term
epiphyses
Definition
the end portions of long bones; once they fuse to the diaphyses, the bones stop growing longer
Term
diphyses
Definition
the main midsection, or shaft, portions of long bones; each contains a medullary cavity.
Term
nonmineralized
Definition
refers to bone reduced to its organic component
Term
secular trend
Definition
a phenotypic change due to multiple factors. such trends can be positive or negative
Term
aging
Definition
the process of maturation
Term
senescence
Definition
refers to an organisms biological changes in later adulthood
Term
homeostasis
Definition
the maintenance of the internal environment of an organism within an acceptable range
Term
menopause
Definition
the cessation of the menstrual cycle, signifying the end of a female's ability to bear children
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
the loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porour, brittle, and easily fractured
Term
anthropometry
Definition
measurement of the human body
Term
functional adaptations
Definition
biological changes that occur during an individual's lifetime, increasing the individual's fitness in the given environment
Term
homeothermic
Definition
refers to an organisms ability to maintain a constant body temperature despite great variations in environmental temperature
Term
vasodilation
Definition
the increase in blood vessels diameter due to the action of a nerve or of a drug; it can also occur in response to hot temperatures
Term
bergmann's Rule
Definition
the principle that an animal's size is heat-related; smaller bodies are adapted to hot environments, and larger bodies are adapted to cold environments
Term
allen's rule
Definition
the principle that an animal's limb lengths are heat-related; limbs are longer in hot, shorter in cold
Term
hypothermia
Definition
a condition in which an organisms body temperature falls below the normal range, which may lead to the loss of proper body functions and , eventually, death
Term
vasoconstriction
Definition
the decrease in blood vessels diameter due to the action of a nerve or of a drug; it can also occur in response to cold temperature
Term
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Definition
the rate at which an organism's body, while at rest, expends energy to maintain basic bodily functions; measured by the amount of heat given off per kilogram of body weight
Term
skin reflections
Definition
refers to the amount of light reflected from the skin that can be measured and used to assess skin color
Term
melanocytes
Definition
melanin-producing cells located in the skin's epidermis
Term
melanin
Definition
a brown pigment that determines the darkness or lightness of a human's skin color due to its concentration in the skin
Term
hypoxia
Definition
less than usual sea-level amount of oxygen in the air or in the body
Term
basal metabolic requirement
Definition
the minimum amount of energy needed to keep an organism alive
Term
total daily energy expenditure(TDEE)
Definition
the number of calories used by an organism's body during a 24 hour period
Term
macronutrients
Definition
essential chemical nutrients, incluting fat, carbs, and protein, that a body needs to live and to function normally
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