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Definition
| a local population of organisms that have similar genes, interbreed, and produce offspring |
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| all the genetic information in the breeding population |
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| any mechanism that prevents two populations from interbreeding and exchanging genetic material |
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| small-scale evolution, such as changes in allele frequency, that occurs from one generation to the next. |
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Definition
| large-scale evolution, such as a speciation even, that occurs after hundreds or thousands of generations |
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Definition
| a condition in which the system is stable, balanced, and unchanging |
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| Hardy-Weinberg Law of Equilibrium |
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Definition
| a mathematical model in population genetics that reflects the relationship between frequencies of alleles and of genotypes; it can be used to determine whether a population is undergoing evolutionary changes |
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Definition
| replacements of a single nitrogen base with another base, which may or may not affect the amino acid for which the triplet codes |
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Term
| synonymous point mutation |
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Definition
| a neutral point mutation in which the substituted nitrogen base creates a triplet coded to produce the same amino acid as that of the original triplet |
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Term
| nonsynonymous point mutation |
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Definition
| a point mutation that creates a triplet coded to produce a different amino acid than that of the original triplet |
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Definition
| the change in a gene due to the insertion or deletion of one or more nitrogen bases, which causes the subsequent triplets to be rearranged and the codons to be read incorrectly during translation |
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Definition
| mobile pieces of dna taht can copy themselves into entirely new areas of the chromosomes |
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Definition
| a chromosomal trisomy in which males have an extra X chromosome, resulting in an XXY condition; affected individuals typically have reduced fertility |
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Definition
| random changes in dna that occur during cell division |
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Definition
| refers to those mutation in the dna resulting from exposure to toxic chemicals or to radiation |
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Definition
| substances, such as toxins, chemicals, or radiation, that may induce genetic mutations |
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Definition
| average number of offspring produced by parents with a particular genotype compared to the number of offspring produced by parents with another genotype |
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Definition
| selection for one allele over the other alleles, causing the allele frequencies to shift in one direction |
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Definition
| selection against the extremes of the phenotypic distribution, decreasing the genetic diversity for this trait in the population |
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Definition
| selection for both extremes of the phenotypic distribution; may eventually lead to a speciation event |
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Definition
| refers to an individual with high concentrations of melanin |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to an individual with low concentrations of melanin |
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Definition
| process in which advantageous genetic variants quickly increase in frequency in population |
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Definition
| a genetic blood disease in which the red blood cells become deformed and sickle-shaped, decreasing their ability to carry oxygen to tissues |
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Definition
| conditions of insufficient iron in the blood due to the destruction of red blood cells resulting from genetic blood diseases, toxins, or infectious pathogens |
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Definition
| hemoglobin altered so that it is less efficient in binding to and carrying oxygen |
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| situation in which selection maintains 2 or more phenotypes for a specific gene in a population |
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| a group of related genetic blood diseases characterized by abnormal hemoglobin |
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Definition
| a genetic blood disease in which the hemoglobin is improperly synthesized, causing the red blood cells to have a much shorter lifespan |
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Definition
| an enzyme that aids int eh proper functioning of red blood cells; its deficiency, a genetic condition, leads to hemolytic anemia |
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Definition
| refers to a population in which individuals breed only with other members of their population |
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Definition
| refers to a population in which individuals breed only with nonmembers of their population |
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| the accumulation of random genetic changes in a small population that has become isolated from the parent population due to the genetic input of only a few colonizers |
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Definition
| a rare genetic disease in which the central nervous system degenerates and the individual loses control over voluntary movements, with the symptoms often appearing between ages 30 & 50 |
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Definition
| the exchange of genetic material between 2 or more populations |
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Definition
| a population's movement into an area previously uninhabited by that group |
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