Term
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Definition
| diploid cells that form the organs, tissues, and other parts of an organism's body |
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Term
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Definition
| sexual reproductive cells, ova and sperm, that have a haploid number of chromosomes and that can unite with a gamete of the opposite sex to form a new organism |
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Definition
| the complete set of chromosomes for an organism or species that represents all the inheritable traits |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to nuclear DNA, which is identical in the nucleus of each cell type (except red blood cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| energy-producing (ATP) organelles in eukaryotic cells; they possess their own independent DNA |
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Term
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| an important cellular molecule, created by the mitochondria and carrying the energy necessary for cellular functions |
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Term
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Definition
| dna, such as mitochondrial dna, whose inheritance can be traced from mother to daughter or to son |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a mixture of more than one type of organellar dna, such as mitochondrial dna, within a cell or a single organisms body, usually due to the mutation of the dna in some organelles but not in others |
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Term
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Definition
| the branch of genetics that studies species' genomes |
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Term
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Definition
| the characteristics of the chromosomes for an individual organism or a species, such as a number, size, and type |
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Definition
| the pair of chromosomes that determine an organism's biological sex |
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Term
| single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) |
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Definition
| variations in the dna sequence due to the change of a single nitrogen base |
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Term
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Definition
| dna whose inheritance can be traced from father to daughter or son, such as the y chromosome, which passes from father to son |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell that has a full complement of paired chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell that has a single set of unpaired chromosomes, half of the genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which homologous chromosomes partially wrap around each other and exchange genetic information during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a cross-over event |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of alleles that tend to be inherited as a unit due to their closely spaced loci on a single chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a large set of haplotypes, such as the y chromosome or mitochondrial dna, that may be used to define a population |
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Term
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Definition
| rearrangements of chromosomes due to the insertion of genetic material from one chromosome to another |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the failure of the chromosomes to properly sefrefate during meiosis, creating some gametes with abnormal numbers of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the condition in which only one of a specific pair of chromosomes is present in a cell's nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the condition in which an additional chromosomes exists with the homologous pair |
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Term
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Definition
| organic molecules combined in a specific sequence by the ribosomes to form a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| those amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body; they must be supplied by the diet |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins involved in the expression of control genes |
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Term
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Definition
| the first step of protein synthesis, involving the creation of mRNA based on the dna template |
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Term
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Definition
| the second step of protein synthesis, involving the transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosomes, which are then added to the protein chain |
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Term
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Definition
| a single-stranded molecule involved in protien synthesis, consisting of a phosphate, ribose sugar, and one of four nitrogen bases |
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Term
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Definition
| one of four nitrogen bases that make up RNA; it pairs with adenine |
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Term
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Definition
| the molecules that are responsible for making a chemical copy of a gene needed for a specific protein, that is for the transcription phase of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| a fundamental structural component of a ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| the molecules that are responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| sequences of 3 nitrogen bases carried by tRNA, they match up with the complementary mRNA codons and each designate a specific amino acid during protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| sequences of 3 nitrogen bases each in DNA, known as codons in mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the sequences of 3 nitrogen bases carried by mRNA that are coded to produce specific amino acids in protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical bond that joins amino acids into a protein chain |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as a protein, a chain of amino acids held together by multiple peptide bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| sequences of a gene's DNA (aka exons) that are coded to produce a specific protein and are transcribed and translated during protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| sequences of a gene's DNA (aka introns) that are not coded to produce specific proteins and are excised before protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the location of an allele, or gene, on a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the presence of 2 or more separate phenotypes for a certain gene in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| substances, such as bacteria, foreign blood cells, and enzymes, that stimulate the immune system's antibody production |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that form as part of the primary immune response to the presence of foreign substances; they attach to the foreign antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| Mendel's First Law, which asserts that the 2 alleles for any given gene are inherited, one from each parent; during gamete production, only one of the two alleles will be present in each ovum or sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are the SAME |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are DIFFERENT |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to 2 different alleles that are equally dominant; both are fully expressed in a heterozygote's phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to one phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes |
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Term
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Definition
| the proportion of phenotypic variation that is due to inheritance rather than to environmental influence |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to one gene that affects more than one phenotypic trait |
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