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Anthropology 2A
Lec 4
13
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
02/04/2008

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Term

Hunters

and

Gatherers 

Definition
  • Oldest subsistence form for humans- viewed as a form of savage or uncivilized culture or lifestyle
  • most HG groups didn't have a leaders- no cheif or headman- age usually only fom of difference between people
  • Most HG societies were egalitarian- no rulers usually exsisted in this kind of society
  • most HG systems did NOT use a market Society
Term
Thomas Hobbes
Definition
  • 1651- Leviathan -with out a king, people will kill eachother- life would be "nasty, brutish and short"
  • Hobbes claims that people are naturally greedy and selfish.
Term
Adam Smith
Definition
  • 1776- The Wealth of Nations Smith claimed that people are naturally competitive, greedy and selfish. "Homo Economicus"
  • Smith Claimed that a fair market economy is needed to control human greed
  • Hobbes claims that societies need a strong ruler
  • Hunting and gathering societies did not usually have either of these
Term
Sahlins
Definition
  • "The Original Affluent Society" claims that westerners completely misunderstood hunting and gathering societies
  • They are not more violent than our own society
  • Economic society- complex system if distributing goods based on an ethos of sharing (noncompetition)
    • men of teenage years to 40's hunt everyone else gathers
    • both men and women ar expected to share with the whole group
  • Sharing and cooperation are key values in many HG societies
  • argues that HG societies are affluent- nobody goes without!
Term
Horticulturalists
Definition
  • are usually sedentary- small gardens used over and over
  • Mostly grow food for their own use
  • Swidden (slash and burn)- Yanomamo
  • Trobrianders- both men and women plant seperate gardens
Term
Trobrianders
Definition
  • Horticultralists- both men and women plant seperate gardens
    • women's gardens usually used to mee the everyday needs of the family
    • Men- Yams
      • to be given away in prestigious gift exchanges
      • only exchanged between men
      • Biggest yams given by man to cheif to support him
      • man gives yam to brother-in-law for sign of approval
Term
Pastoralist Societies
Definition
  • Raise herd animals
  • In N. Africa and the Middle east (common)
  • The Masai an the Nuer are both pastoralist groups
Term
Intensive Agriculture
Definition
  • Growing a surplus of food
    • sell surplus
  • Excess food supports larger population
    • associated with cities
    • a lot of social stratification occurs (class differences)
Term
Industrialization
Definition
  • Has been accompanied by numerous negative reactions and social movements against it since the early 1800's
  • The enclosures- Great Britain and other parts of W. Europe
  • Land holders (elites) stop renting out land to peasants and used land for raising sheep
  • Peasants now turn to cities to find work
    • poverty, crime and prostitution increase because of industrialization
      • because jobs available pay very little
    • Agricultural work was seasonal- some periods people worked harder than others
    • Time discipline- people in factories had to live their life "by the clock" not by natual cycles
  • Resistanve to Industrialization
    • 1848- The communist or Marxists- Karl Marx wrote "The Communist Manifesto"
      • Marx urget factoy workers to unite
        • Felt they should take control of the factories
        • Claimed that industrialization was producing "alienation
        • People being treated like machines/ objects rather than humans
  • Had an influence on gender relations
    • men are now more valued for their evonomic abilities
    • Women are now viewed as child care takers
      • economically devalued with industrialization
Term
Labor Theory of Value
Definition
  • marx claimed that company profits were made at the expense of workers
  • INDUSTRIALISM
Term
The Bohemian Revolution
Definition
  • Refusal of industrial capitalist values and lifestyle
  • persuing the arts, music, lifestyle not focused on making of money
  • Formation of Labor unions- called on workers to strike to improve conditions
Term
Formation of Labor Unions
Definition
  • called on workers to strike to improve conditions
Term
The Luddites
Definition
  • England- resisted industrialization by burning down factories and destroying equipment
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