Underdifferentiation

• Tendency to view the less developed countries as more alike than they really are
• Use same interventions without looking at cultural variation

Nigerian Facts

• 24 Billion barrels of oil a year
• 11th in oil production (US is 12)
• 19th poorest country
• IMR: 70.5 per 1,000
• Life Expectancy: 50
• 5.32 kids on avg
• 60% below poverty line
• $900 avg per capita
• Annual Budget is 11.09 billion w/ 137,000,000 people
• TN in 2006 was 25 billion w/ 7,000,000 people
• They have raw materials, but no machinary(Britain and Germany own and process raw materials)

Ethnocide

• The deliberate destruction of the culture of an ethnic group

Genocide

• The deliberate killing of a large group of people

The Kaluli Project

• Papua New Guinea
• Oil Exploration
• Logging
• Recorded Soundscapes
• "Endangered Music": Frogs, Waterfalls, etc

Political Anthropology

• The Cross-Cultural study of political systems and institutions
• Not all have formal laws
• All have social control

Tribes

• Villages or descent groups lacking a formal government
• Horticulturists or Pastoralist
• Village Head or Headman
• Lead by example is the only way he can get anyone to do anything (Can't order anyone to do it)

"Big Man"

Village Head

• Common in south pacific
• Regional leader
• Can have $ but must give it back
• Greed is bad
• Outdoor/Public Projects

Chiefdoms

• Kin-based societies where resource access varies and there is a permanent political structure
• Wealth/Prestige vary
• Agriculture
• 6500 years ago
• 1st chiefdoms: Mesopotamia and Egypt
• Genealogy
• Status

Stratum/Stratification

• Stratification: the creation of separate social strata
• Stratum: where 2 or more groups that differ in social status also have different access to resources (Cajuns and Burakhumin)

Max Weber

• Created the 3 dimensions of social stratification (wealth, power, prestige)

3 Dimensions of Social Stratification

• Wealth
• Power
• Prestige

4 Key Features of a State

• Population Control
• Judiciary
• Military and Police
• Taxation

Social Control

• Beliefs, practices, and institutions in place in a community
• Maintains norms and regulates conflicts
• Fear comes w/ religion
• Shame like w/ song off

Class versus Caste

• Main distinction is social mobility
• Class: a certain amount of up/down mobility exists (Bill Clinton or Oprah)
• Caste: Little social mobility; membership determined at birth and lasts through life (You can move up if you marry up)

3 Society Types

• Rank
• Egalitarian
• Stratified

Rank

• contain unequal access to prestige, but not to valued economic resources
• may be chiefs or other persons w/ authority as birth right
• Horticultural societies and chiefdoms

Egalitarian

• Lack formal social stratification
• May display inequality in personal relations based on age, gender, or personal ability, but no category of persons within the same sex or age group has special privilege
• Hunter-gatherer societies

Stratified

• Organize around formal modes of social stratification
• Form classes or castes
• Inequality affects access to both prestige and economic resources
• Most complex societies: including agarian and industrialized states

Makua

• No one steals chickens
• Protein Shortage
• Shame, fear of sorcery, jail
• Everyone is gonna know we stole, bringing shame
• Witch will curse if they don't stop, then jail

Koro

• Malasia
• Penis Panic
• Fear that penis will retract into the body and they will die
• They'll tie things on it or have wife pull

Amok

• Where phrase "running amuck" came from
• People will get angry and grab maschette or some type of knife and begin slashing it at people
• Lost control and don't remember it
• Seen as forced suicide

Band

• Small, mobile kin-based groups where equality is common
• Foragers
• Cultural norms are in place to handle conflicts and disputes

Discirimination

• The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things

Prejudice

• Preconcieved opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

Hypo-Descent

• The automatic assignment of children of mixed union between members of different socioeconomic or ethnic groups to the subordinate group.
• Mixed kids being called black instead of mixed or multi-racial

Plural Society

• A society combining ethnic contrasts
• The economic interdependence of those groups
• And the ecological specialization (i.e. use of different environmental resources by each ethnic group)

Ethnicity

• Belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition

Assimilation

• Taking in (information, ideas, or culture) and understanding it fully and integrating it into their lives

Burakumin

• One of the main minority groups in Japan
• Descendants of outcast communities that were comprised of occupations considered "tainted" with death 
• Ex. executioners, undertakers, slaughterhouse workers, butchers
• Lived in secluded ghettos
• In 2003, 4.9% said they still avoid burakumin neighbors

Intrinsic Racism

• The belief that each race has a different moral status, regardless of positive moral characteristics exhibited by members of “inferior” racial groups

Achieved Status

• Reached through choices, efforts, or accomplishments

Ascribed Status

• One that you don't pick
• Age, gender, ethnic group, etc

Tarahumara

• Mexico
• Copper Canyon Cliffs
• Pastoral/Horticulture
• Long Distance Runs
• Persistance Hunting
• 100 mile runs

Rooftop Gardening

• Planting Justice
• Poor Urban areas
• Few grocers
• Diet variety
• Kids benefit

Jefferson Fish

• Compared the concept of race in Brazil and the United States 

Anne Sutherland

Marvin Harris

• Influential in the development of cultural materialism
• Combing Marx's emphasis on the forces of production with Thomas Malthus's insights on the impact of demographic factors on other parts of the sociocultural system

Jack Weatherford

• Wrote Genghis Khan and the Makng of the Modern World
• Looked at Mongols impact since the time that Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes in 1206

The Freeds

Jill Dubisch

• Wrote "Run for the Wall: Remembering Vietnam on a Motorcycle Pilgrimage"

Horace Miner

• wrote the satirical essay "Body Ritual among the Nacirema"
• satirizes the american culture from an anthropological perspective

John Omohundro

• wrote "Thinking Like an Anthropologist: A Practical Introduction to Cultural Anthropology"
• Allows readers to use the 11 questions to enhance learning and applicable with most situations

Religion

• Belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers and forces.

Animism

• The belief that plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena have souls

Polytheism

• The belief in more than one god

Monotheism

• The belief that there is only one God

Mana

• A sacred, impersonal force existing in the universe
• Abides in people, plants, animals
• Success/failures
• Good luck charms
• Taboo's

Taboo

• Something considered off limits to all or most people

Baseball Magic

• George Gmelch
• Trobriand islanders
• Rituals
• Insures fishing success
• Might improve odds

Fetishes

• Material objects believed to embody supernatural powers
• Ex. Coins, chains, hats

Magic

• Refers to supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific norms

Rituals

• Formal, stylized, repetitive, social acts that are performed in certain places at certain times

3 Stages of Rites of Passage

• Separation: Withdrawal from current group and start to move into next status group
• Liminality: Occupy an ambiguous social position
• Incorporation: Officially becomes a part of another group

Totems

• Objects such as animals and plants that serve emblems/symbols of kinship group/person

Peyote Religion

• The most widespread indigenous religion among native Americans
• 250,000 people
• Ritual take place on Saturday nights
• Songs and contemplation
• Ritual is believed to provide the power to commune with god(s) and the dead
• Physically enables people to have a good life

"Ahisma"

• A hindu doctrine that forbids the killing of animals

Indian Cattle Taboo

• They find it irrational b/c the valuable food source is ignored, cows are too scrawny
• Critics are displaying ethnocentrism
• Cattle plows and carts equals agriculture
• Scrawny cows can plow, don't eat all of the grass, and are a regular milk source

Religion and Social Control

• Historically, politicians have used religion to justify their view and policies
• Crusades, Germans "chosen people", Taliban, Salem witch trials, tribal people label those w/ more money as witches

Wallace's 4 Religion Types

• Shamanic Religions
• Communal Religions
• Olympian Religions
• Monotheism

"World Rejecting Religion"

• Religions associated w/ a tendency to reject the natural world and focus instead on a higher, more sacred world

Fundamentalism (ists)

• Reject modern ways for the earlier purer way of life
• Seek order based on strict adherence to traditional standards, beliefs, rules, and customs

Revitalization Movements

• Social movements that occur in times of change
• Religious leaders emerge and try to alter a society
• Christianity sprung from Judaism, roman empire in upheaval

Handsome Lake

• Leader and prophet to the Senecas and other Iroquois League tribes
• Preached a message that combined traditional Iroquois religious beliefs with specific white values.
• Message called the "Good Word"
• He was an alcoholic who began to have visions and was directed to reveal the warnings
• Code outlawed drunkenness, wife beating, quarreling, gambling, witchcraft, and sexual promiscuity.
• World would be destroyed by fire is Code was not followed

Westboro Baptist Church

• Topeka, KS
• Founder Fred Phelps
• Hate gays and anything or anyone associated w/ them
• Hates Jews, Catholics, most Protestant sects, Communists, Irish, etc
• Picket constantly

Syncretisms

• Religious blends that emerge via acculturation

Voodoo

• Mix of Catholicism, African, and Native Americans

Cargo Cults

• Revitalization movement that emerges when natives have regular contact w/ industrial societies, but lack their wealth, technology, and living standards
• Focuses on the cargo unloaded from the ships or planes

John Frum Cult

• Only active cargo cult
• Tanna, island of Vanuatu
• WWII soldier is worshipped
• John Frum will bring wealth/prosperity
• John Frum was never found
• Best guess was: he met some islanders and said I am John from... (wherever).

Sugar and Monocrop Production

• Europeans had to have sugar
• Started plantations in the Carribean
• Monocrop is the production of only 1 crop
• Led to transatlantic slave trade and starvation in Haiti and Bahamas

Acculturation

• Changes that result in people after continuously coming into contact

Capitalist World Economy

• A single world system committed to production for the sale and exchange w/ the idea of maximizing profits rather than supporting domestic needs (Africa)

Modern World System

• A world where nations can communicate and trade
• Trade by ships
• W/ expansion came an exchange of people, resources, diseases, ideas, religions, and language

Wallerstein's 3 World Power Positions

• Core: dominant nations; major technology and mechanization; monopolize profitable industries
• Semi Periphery: import/export; lack core nation power
• Periphery: Least mechanized provide raw materials; exploited

Colonialism

• Refers to the political, social, economic, and cultural domination of territory and its people by a foreign power for and extended period of time
• 1st wave: new world
• 2nd wave: 1800s

Indigenous Peoples

• Native people to land
• When others come in, navtives suffer from shock, exploitation, and mortality increases
• Ethnocide: Loss of culture
• Genocide: Physical extinction of an ethnic group

"White Man's Burden"

• The idea that white people have a responsibility to govern and impart their culture to nonwhite people
• Often advanced as a justification for European colonialism

Mission Civilization

• Mission civilisatrice
• Justification for french colonialism
• A civilizing mission to spread french culture, language, and religion throughout colonies

Neoliberalism

• The idea that governments should not regulate private enterprise and that free market forces should rule
• "Trickle down"
• Reduce government spending
• Private owners of state agencies
• Individual over common good

Developmental Anthropology

• Branch that focuses on social issues and the cultural context of economic development
• Mediators, planners vs those affected, under differentiation

Shamanic Religions

•  Foragers/tribes, shaman part-time religious specialist who mediates b/w people and supernatural forces
• Shaman is a general term for witch doctor/medium

Communal Religions

• Associated w/ community rituals like harvest ceremonies
• NA Indians "rain dance"

Olympian Religions

• Archaic states
• Full time religious specialists
• Hierarchy among the gods
• Polytheistic w/ god having a function (love, sea)
• Greeks

Monotheism religions

• One god
• All supernatural phenomena are the result of and are under the control of god
• God is eternal, all knowing, has all authority, and has/was/will always be in existence

Code of Ethics and Religion

• 10 commandments
• 5 pillars of islam
• maintain order and guide behavior
• if codes are not followed one can feel
• shame, guilt, regret