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Definition
| The process of learning one's own culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of living human societies and cultures. |
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| Anthropology Sub-Field with Largest Representation |
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Definition
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| Strengths of Cultural Anthropology |
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Definition
Living People
Direct Observation |
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| Weaknesses of Cultural Anthropology |
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Definition
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Definition
| The study of human behavior in the past and patterns of behavior through material culture. |
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Definition
Great Time Depth
Artifacts Don't Lie |
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| Weaknesses of Archaeology |
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Definition
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Term
| Biological/Physical Anthropology |
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Definition
Study of human biological diversity in time and space.
Combines evolution, genetics, growth or development of humans, plasticity of human biology, and primatology. |
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Term
| Four Sub-Fields of Anthropology |
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Definition
Cultural Anthropology
Archaeology
Biological/Physical Anthropology
Linguistics |
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Term
| Strengths of Biological Anthropology |
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Definition
Greatest Time Depth
It is necessary to understand biology to understand humans. |
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Term
| Weaknesses of Biological Anthropology |
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Definition
Fossil Records are Fragmentary
Debate over the legitimacy of the comparison of human behavior and primate behavior. |
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Definition
| Study of human language through time and space. |
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Term
| What Biologically Allowed Humans to Use Language? |
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Definition
| The development of a powerful brain that evolved to have the capacity to process and retain complex associations, abstract thought, and symbolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Generates useful and relevant data through specific research used to educate and train students. |
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Definition
| Uses data to identify, assess, and solve current, real-world problems such as conflict, immigration, urban development, economic development, or forensics. |
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Term
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Definition
Impossible to define races through biology.
Science attempted to classify based on phenotypes.
Races are social and political constructs. |
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Term
| What other animals have developed culture? |
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Definition
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Term
| What parts of our evolutionary heritage have made culture possible? |
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Definition
Large, complex brains
Expressive features
Binocular vision
Manual dexterity
Upright bipedal posture
Reduced offspring
Capacity for language |
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Definition
National Culture
International Culture
Subcultures |
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Term
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Definition
| When an adaptation to the environment helps the individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| When an adaptation to the environment harms the individual. |
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Definition
| The spread or borrowing of cultural trades between cultures |
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Definition
| The exchange of cultural features that results from continuous firsthand contact between groups. |
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Definition
| The exchange of cultural features that results from continuous firsthand contact between groups. |
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Definition
| Invention of certain objects over time that could have occurred in multiple locations around the world. |
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Definition
| The series of processes that work together to promote culture change in the modern world system |
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Definition
| The practice of viewing one's own culture as superior and applying your culture's values when judging other cultures. |
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Definition
| The idea that behavior in one culture should not be judged by another culture's standards. |
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Term
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Definition
| Firsthand observation of another culture. |
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Term
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Definition
First person to pioneer participant observation.
Studied the Pueblo Indians in New Mexico. |
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Term
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Definition
Native-oriented perspective in cultural study.
How people see themselves and their own culture. |
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Term
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Definition
The scientific perspective in cultural study.
The view from the outside looking in. |
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Term
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Definition
The scientific perspective in cultural study.
The view from the outside looking in. |
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Term
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Definition
Conversation
Constructing Genealogies
Problem-Oreinted Research
Longitudinal Research
Team Research |
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Term
| Five Subfields of Biological/Physical Anthropology |
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Definition
Primatology
Anthropometry
Bone Biology
Molecular Anthropology
Paleoanthropology |
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Term
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Definition
Human remains found in a peat bog.
Prehistoric cemetery from about 7,000 years ago
Bodies wrapped in blankets in fetal position
All bodies were facing west
Evidence that they cared for one another existed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any place where anyone did anything in the past and left evidence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to cover small and large areas. |
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Definition
| Done where artifacts are exposed above ground. |
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Definition
| Occurs when small test holes are dug to find artifacts that are buried underground. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes shovel testing, test units, and block excavation. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to where all pieces of data were found.
Can include geographic location, location of each test within the site, and 3-D location of the artifact within the test. |
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Term
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Definition
Gives the approximate age of artifacts.
Can be used to gauge how objects in human culture change over time. |
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Term
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Definition
Can be used to find the exact age of artifacts.
Includes Carbon-14 dating. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Judeo-Christian belief that said that the universe had an intelligent creator who created organisms in their modern form. |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that extinct species are now gone because they were killed in some great catastrophe. |
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Term
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Definition
Archbishop of the Church of Ireland
Calculated that the world is 6,000 years old |
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Term
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Definition
Father of modern genealogy
Wrote Principles of Geology
Created the idea of uniformitarianism |
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Term
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Definition
| Idea that natural forces in action today were also in action in the past. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that living species are the result of changes and transformations of species over great amounts of time. |
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Term
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Definition
Wrote On the Origin of Species
Created the idea of natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
Changes in DNA of which genes are built
Acts on the genotype
Provide genetic variety |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of heredity and variation in living organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Studies the way in which traits are transmitted across generations. |
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Definition
| Developed the idea of Mendelian genetics through his experiments with pea plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that traits are acquired during the lifetime, as opposed to traits that exist internally. |
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Term
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Definition
| Biochemically different forms of genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to individuals who have mixed alleles for a given gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to individuals who have the same alleles for a given gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Law that states that different traits are inherited independently of one another, so one trait does not affect the other. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's hereditary makeup; genes and chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's outward expression or physical characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| When some forms of a given gene have the exact same strength. |
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Term
| Four Mechanisms of Genetic Evolution |
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Definition
Natural Selection
Mutation
Random Genetic Drift
Gene Flow |
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Term
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Definition
Survival of the fittest
Acts on the phenotype
Tends to limit genetic variety |
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Term
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Definition
Errors in copying DNA during cell division
Exposure to radiation or certain chemicals
Exposure to certain viruses |
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Term
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Definition
A change in the frequency of alleles from genetics
Random and acts on the genotype
Very influential on small populations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to a specific type of genetic drift caused by environmental disasters or changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| An exchange in genes between populations of the same species. |
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Term
| Primate Adaptations to an Arboreal Environment |
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Definition
Five digits on hands and feet
Opposable thumbs
Shoulder joints that fully rotate
Forward-facing eyes
Increase in brain size and complexity
Significant parental investment |
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Term
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Definition
54-38 million years ago
Prosimians and Anthropoids
Anthropoids were dominant
Prosimians survived by becoming nocturnal |
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Term
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Definition
32-23 million years ago
Anthropoids displaced Prosimians
Broke into two families: Parapithecids and Propliopithecids |
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Term
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Definition
23-16 Million Years Ago
Monkeys split from the Hominoid lines
Ancestors of greater and lesser apes split |
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Term
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Definition
6-3 million years ago
Found in Ethiopia
Earliest known homonin
Probably bipedal
Apelike size and anatomy |
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Term
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Definition
| Knocking flakes off of both sides of a rock with another rock to form sharp edges for cutting |
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Term
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Definition
Big, multipurpose chopping and cutting tools
Most characteristic tool of Homo erectus |
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Term
| Hunting and Gathering Economy |
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Definition
Controlled use of fire
Encourage movement out of Africa
Followed food around the world
Made Homo erectus more successful |
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Term
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Definition
| Firsthand, personal study of local settings. |
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