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Anthropology 101 Final
Anthro 101
174
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
12/13/2009

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Archaeology
Definition

Differs from classic anthropology due to time depth.

Methods important - once you dig it up its gone.

Reconstructions of ancient lifeways.

Term
Linguistics
Definition

Sociolinguistics.

Dating by language.

Contact and Dispersion.

Extinct and extant languages.

Term
Contact and Dispersion
Definition
Look at how different societies have shared and dispersed language.
Term
Cultural Anthropology
Definition

Salvage anthropology.

Ethnography.

Ethnology.

Term
Salvage Anthropology
Definition
Anthropology came out of desire to salvage dying societies.
Term
Ethnography
Definition
Studying and recording observations of people in their common environment.
Term
Ethnology
Definition
Uses ethnography results.
Term
Differences between anthropology and other academic disciplines?
Definition

Holism.

Methods (archeological).

Theories

Western vs. Non-Western societies

Individual vs. Group

Term
Culture Characteristics.
Definition

Shared.

Learned.

Dynamic.

Distributed.

Symbolic.

Term
Enculturation
Definition
The process of growing up in a certain society and learning the cultural norms.
Term
Oblique Inheritance
Definition
Culture is not inherited biologically, we don't get culture just from parents.
Term
Symbols
Definition
Sometimes we are explicitly taught them.
Term
Learning Culture
Definition

Enculturation.

Oblique Inheritance.

Symbolism.

Observed Learning.

Practical Learning.

Term
Symbolic Culture
Definition

Verbal vs. Non-verbal.

Arbitrariness.

Cultural Conventions - Geertz and the wink.

Term
Arbitrariness
Definition
May have nothing (visually) to do with what they signify.
Term
Dynamism
Definition

Time Depth - historical perspective.

Spacial Variation.

Cross-cultural sharing (borrowing?) - food, clothes

Technology.

Term
Culture and Evolution
Definition

- Our Closest Relatives - how we became the way we are.

- Learning

- Tools

- Sharing

- Cooperation

- Marriage and Kin

Term
What is the difference between (C)ulture and (c)ulture?
Definition

Universalities.

Generalities.

Particularities.

Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
The opinion that one's way of life is natural or correct, and indeed, the only true way of being fully human. Judging the culture of another by way of one's own culture.
Term
Cultural Relativism
Definition
Understanding another culture in its own terms sympathetically enough so that the culture appears to be a meaningful and coherant design.
Term
Moral Relativism
Definition
Moral or ethical propositions do not reflect objective and/or universal moral truths, but claim meaning under certain circumstances. Moral relativists hold that no universal standard exists by which to assess an ethical proposition's truth.
Term

Informed Consent

(Ethics_

Definition

Before people are a part of any research they have to give informed consent.

-Description and explanation of methods.

-Discussion of benefits and detriments.

Term
AAA Code of Ethics
Definition

- Exploitation

- Reciprocity - need to involve local research - home institutions

Term

NAGPRA

 

Definition

Native American Grave Protection Repatriation Act

- When archaeologist finds remains the locals decide if it can be excavated.

Term
How do we discover the past?
Definition

1. Survey & Discovery

2. Excavation

3. Analyses - 1 hour in field = 3 hours in lab

4. Publication

Term
Archaeological Visibility
Definition

Can the site be located?

Can it be seen on the landscape?

- Remote sensing

- Systematic Surveying

Is the site big enough?

has it been modified or destroyed? (looted?)

Term
Four Classes of Material Remains
Definition

1. Artifacts

2. Ecofacts

3. Features

4. Fossils

Term
Artifacts
Definition
Something that has been modified/ used by humans.
Term
Ecofacts
Definition
Something that is a natural object - cave.
Term
Absolute Dating
Definition

Radiometric Techniques - Carbon 14 dating

Dendrochronology - Tree ring dating

Term
Relative Dating
Definition

Stratigraphy - sediment patterns, layers

Index Fossils - Paleontological Research

Term
What is Evolution?
Definition

-The most fundamental and unifying force in the biological sciences - guides biological research.

-Controversial - religious contradictions

-Social and intellectual environment before Darwin?

Term
The (Pre-Darwin) History of Evolutionary Thought?
Definition

- Carolus Linnaeus

-Georges Cuvier

-James Hutton

-Sir Charles Lyell

-Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Term
Carolus Linnaeus
Definition

Swedish Naturalist

-Binomial Nomenclature- a taxonomy system

Term
Georges Cuvier
Definition

-Leading opponent to Evolution

-Proposed "Catastrophism" - things die because of catastrophe- noah's flood

Term
James Hutton
Definition

- Questioned Catastrophism

-Largely ignored until Lyell took notice of works

Term
Sir Charles Lyell
Definition

- Published "Principles of Geology" - built off Hutton

**Uniformitarianism - natural forces that occur today will continue to occur in the future.

- Discussed strata, fauna, and paleontology.

Term
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Definition
-Organic forms were altered by environmental circumstances <WITHIN THEIR LIFETIME>!
Term
Darwin was an Avid Reader of...
Definition

Charles Lyell - Uniformitarianism

Alfred Russel Wallace - Similar conclusions to darwin on evolutionism

Thomas Malthus - economist - published "Essay on the Principle of Population"

Term
Darwin's 'Evolution of Evolutionary Thought' Concluded:
Definition

1. Animals have forms that are adapted to their environment.

2. Environments change, and so do animals

3. Speciation (finches)

4. "Natural Selection"

Term
Three Tenants of Natural Selection
Definition

1. Differential Reproductive Success

2. There must be variation within pop.

3. Heritable traits - give or don't give advantage

Term
How did Darwin differ from Lamarck?
Definition
Darwin said that the traits exist within the population, not just an individual passing the trait on to the offspring.
Term
Mendel's Principles of Genetics
Definition

- Dominance and Recession

- Homozygous (SS) vs. Heterozygous (Ss)

- Genotype vs. Phenotype

- Independent Assortment- color not related to round/wrinkle

- Recombination

-Crossing Over

Term

Modern Evolutionary Genetics

("The Modern Synthesis")

Definition

-Microevolution vs. Macroevolution

-Punctuated Equilibrium

- Evolution and Natural Selection is random - nondirectional

Term
Macroevolution vs. Microevolution
Definition

Macro- takes a long time

Micro - fruit flies, evolve quickly

Term
Punctuated Equilibrium
Definition
Long periods of equilibrium punctuated by a short time of rapid change.
Term
Race
Definition

The general divisions of the human race:

Caucasian, Caucasoid, white, negroid, black, mongoloid, yellow.

-People united by blood or custom

Term
Monogenism
Definition

-All humans descended from 1 pair (Adam & Eve)

- All one species

- Human species exhibit plasticity

Term
Polygenism
Definition

- All humans descended from different pairs

- Humans could be broken into different species

- Based on variation in physical, mental, and moral attributes.

Term
Linnaeus and Race
Definition

- Created Taxonomy of humans

-Four separate groupings - europeans on top and blacks on bottom

Term
Johann Friedrich Blumenback
Definition

-Created 5 racial categories based on color and other traits

- Categories were fixed and unchanged

-Used craniometry and phrenology to correlate physiology with racial categories

Term
Blumenbach Categories of Race
Definition

Caucasoid = White

Mongoloid = yellow

Malay = Brown

Ethiopian = Black

American = Red

 

Term
Francis Galton
Definition

- Darwin's Cousin

- Argued that natural selection was not selecting out deficient people --- eugenics

- Refined anthropometry

Term
E. A. Hooton
Definition

- Appointed to committee on the Negro

- 1927 the committee endorsed study comparing AA infants to young apes

- Published Apes, Men, and Morons

Term
Biological Determinism
Definition
The concept that phenomena including behavior, are governed by biological (genetic) factors; the inaccurate association of various behavioral attributes with certain biological traits, such as skin color.
Term
Hooton's Impact
Definition

Left a wealth of PhDs including:

- Paul BAker

-  Stanley Garn

-Sherwood Washburn

-William Howells

-Harry L. Shapiro

Term
Montagu's Rule
Definition

Meaning of the word is the action it produces

(Has to do with race?)

Term
Acclimatization
Definition

- Physiological Adjustment

-Not Genetic!

- Exhibits phenotypic plasticity

- Ex. increasing blood volume at high altitude

Term
Adaptation
Definition

- Physiological Trait

- GENETIC

- Developed across generations

- Environment can affect expression

- Ex. Skin Color

Term
Shape
Definition
Shapes Coincide with particular environmental pressures: heat, humidity, insolation (increases towards equator), altitude, latitude
Term
Allen's Rule
Definition

LIMB

Protruding body parts (limbs) shorter in cooler regions and larger in hotter regions

- Surface area/ body mass

- For heat dispersal

Term
Bergman's Rule
Definition

BODY

- Body size and temperature

- Higher weights tend to be associated with regions with lower mean temperatures.

- Further away form equator = bigger the animals

Term
Gloger's Rule
Definition

SKIN

- Warmer climate = darker skin

- Melonine protects skin but makes it darker

Term
Lactose Intolerance
Definition

-Genetic (Sort of)

- Regionally patterned

-Political (Some would argue)

-Evolutionary??

Term
Lactose
Definition
Milk Sugar
Term
Lactase
Definition
Enzyme needed to break down Lactose
Term
Sickle Cell Anemia
Definition

An in herited hemoglobin disorder that results from inheriting two copies of a mutant allele

- Autosomal recessive trait, meaning that the disease is only contracted when two copies are inherited

-Can still express certain traits even if there aren't two copies.

Term
Hemoglobin Forms
Definition

HbA - normal

HbS - causes sickling of hemoglobin molecule

 

Term
Homozygous Sickle Cell Anemia
Definition

- Has both HbS alleles

- Exhibits full manifestation of aspects - even with aggressive treatment the disease is fatal

Term
Why is sickle-cell anemia interesting for anthropologists to study?
Definition

- Malaria can't attach onto sickle cell

- Where malaria is present = more sickle cell

- Gives us connection between environment and gene frequencies in people

Term
Sickle Cell Anemia and Malaria are common in:
Definition
Africa, India, Mediterranean, South America
Term
Shared Characteristics with Humans and Non-Human Primates
Definition

- Teeth

- Eye Socket

- Locomotion Adaptations

- Bipedalism

- Diet

- Social Learning

- Extended Infancy

Term
Anthropoidea Branch of Primate Limb
Definition

= Humans

- Differentiates us from the Old World Monkey

Term
Nose
Definition

NWM : Flat nosed (platyrrhine), nostrils far apart, open to side

 

OWM : Downfacing nose (catarrhine), nostrils are closer together and open downward or forward

Term
Teeth
Definition

NWM : 3, not 2 premolars, large molars, last molar smaller or absent

 

OWM : Two premolars, top premolar sectorial, sharpens upper kanine, molars have sharply connected cusps

Term
Bilophodent Molars
Definition
Not similar to each other
Term
Y-5 Pattern
Definition
5 cusps and Y groove in molar
Term
Ears
Definition

NWM : Tympanic membrane connected to external ear by bony ring

 

OWM : Tympanic membrane connected to external ear by bony tube, is visible on outside of skull.

Term
Tails
Definition

NWM : Some species have prehensite tails

 

OWM : All have tails, but lack prehensility feature, sitting pads supports animals while in trees

Term
Hands
Definition

NWM : Thumb orientation lies in line with other digits, some fingernails on big tow

 

OWM : Thumbs rotated, opposable, fingernails and toenails on all digits

Term
Hominoidea
Definition

Apes & Humans

 

- a lot more OWM, except socially

Term
Speciation
Definition
Emergence of a new species.
Term

Late Miocene

(5+ Million years ago)

Definition

- Climate was cooler, dryer, was predominantly rainforest

- Forests recede

-Savannah Grasslands expand

- Rift valley opens up - seperates common ancestors and chimps = speciation

Term
Bipedalism
Definition

- Foreman magnum moved central

- Opposable toe went away

- Pelvis broadened out - particularly women

- Femers lengthened and came into angle to help support pelvis

- Decrease in prognathicism

- Decrease in sagittal crest

- Increase cranial capacity

Term
Features
Definition
Can't remove it without destroying it (fire pit, floor)
Term
Fossils
Definition
All organic materials have been replaced by hard minerals.
Term
Classes of Artifacts
Definition

1. ceramics

2. LIthics

3. Faunal

4. Osteological Remains

Term
Ceramics
Definition
Pottery - made of clay - showed trade routes
Term
Lithics
Definition
Stone tools - arrowheads, ceremonial knives
Term
Faunal
Definition
Animal remains - human tampered
Term
Osteological Remains
Definition
Human remains - can look at health
Term

Subsistence

(What can we learn from archaeology?)

Definition

- Middens

- Pot residue - what they ate

- Faunal Remains

Term

Social Complexity

(What can we learn from archaeology?)

Definition

- Residue Patterns - need multiple sites

- Architecture - public/private buildings, ceremonial buildings

- Art

- Grave Goods - elite/lower status

Term

Ritual and Religion

(What can we learn from archaeology?)

Definition

- ARchitecture - pyramids as graves

- Grave goods

- Art

- Ceremonial Items

Term

Basic Technology

(What can we learn from archaeology?)

Definition

- Provenence STudies - chemical signatures - source materials

- Manufacture sites

- Middens

- Butchering Patterns

Term
Civilization
Definition

1. Large Cities

2. Monumental ARchitecture

3. Large labor force

4. Extended Trade Networks

5. Advanced writing system

6. Advanced mathematics, calendrics, astronomy

7. Social Inequality

8. Powerful Rulers

9. Craft Specialization

10. Superbly developed artistic tradition

Term
Understand differences between two societies
Definition

1. How do we measure society in terms of complexity?

2. How do we explain shifts from less complex to more complex over time.

Term
Evolutionism
Definition

<Herbert Spencer>

1. Poverty associated with industrial revolution - gaining popularity

2. Thomas Malthus' view of population growth - struggle for survival

 

Term

Herbert Spencer

*Social Darwinism*

Definition

- Progress =  perpetual adaptation to environment

- Biology and culture evolve together

- Culture evolves along single, unilineal path, up ladder

- Evolution has a 0 sum game, for one to survive another must die

- Evolution produces an uncrowded world full of very intelligent people (Contrary to malthus)

- Spencer's idea came to be known as social Darwinism

Term
Darwinism
Definition
= bush, not ladder
Term
Understanding Differences between Societies Involves:
Definition

1. Finding a way to measure societies and compare

2. Explaining how a single society changes over time.

 

Term
Theories on measuring societies to compare:
Definition

- Spencer - Degree of adaptation (Fitness), Morality

- Morgan - technology

- White - technology and energy

Term
Theories on explaining how a single society changes over time:
Definition

- Spencer - struggle for survival, enlightenment

- Morgan - mind's ability to invent new technologies

- White - individuals have little impact. Population pressure and environmental conditions

 

Term
Typology of Lewis Henry Morgan
Definition

- Three Ethnical periods: savager>barbarism>civilization

- Civilization = phonetics and written alphabet

- Order : upper barbarians, middle barb., lower barb., upper savages, middle sav., lower sav.

Term
Upper Barbarians
Definition
Ironworkers
Term
Middle Barbarians
Definition
Cultivated Crops and domesticated animals
Term
Lower Barbarians
Definition
potter
Term
Franz Boas
Definition

- Parallel evolution vs. convergent evolution

- Historical Particularism

- Inductive methods involving fieldwork

- Boas dominant in American anthropology and archaeology in 1st half of 20th cent.

Term
Neoevolutionism
Definition

- Social context: Prosperity returns, science becomes king

- Search for laws

Term

Leslie White

<New-evolutionist>

Definition

-"Science of Culture"

- Similarity to 19th century evolutionism: rationalize the growing privelage of middle class

- Differences: Individualism and human intellect no longer an explanation for change

Term
Julian Steward
Definition

- Culture Ecology

- Multilineal Evolution

- Yet unilineal evolution toward pristine states

Term
V. Gordon Childe
Definition

- Put together boas and steward

- Ecology we have unique environment and unique historical circumstances - put all together

- Can measure using science

Term
Foragers ( Hunter- Gatherers)
Definition

- 98% of human history

- Still practiced

- environmental factors:large game vs. small game, collecting, fishing, gender

Term
Food Production
Definition

- Domestication - plants & animals

- Shift to sedentary life

- increasing pop. density

- increase social complexity

- "Cultivation Continuum"

Term
Horticulture
Definition

-Nonindustrial planting - woman power not horse power

- Uses simple tools (hoe, hand)

- Shifting cultivation - fallow practices, slash and burn, swidden, multicropping

- Supplementary - alongside hunting

Term
Pastoralism
Definition

- Livestock based society - sheep, goats, cattle

- Pastoral Nomadism - smaller travel seasonally

- Tranhumance - segment moves off, bigger

Term
Globalization
Definition
Promotes intercultural communication through the media travel, migration, bringing people into direct/indirect contact.
Term
Globalization: How integration between regional economies, societies, and cultures occur.
Definition

- communication

-Execution networks

Term
Globalization: How national economies are integrated into the international economy
Definition

- Trade

- Foreign investment

- Technology

- migration

- Capital Flow

Term
Globalization is driven by?
Definition

- Economy

- Technology

- Socioculture

- Politics

- Biology

Term
Globalization and Indigenous People
Definition

- Threat of development

- Clash between modernity and indigeneity

Term
Risk and Risk perception
Definition

- Environment Contamination - toxic waste, superfund sites

- Environmental justice issues - hazardous working conditions, ag. workers and pesticides

Term
MOdernity and Health
Definition

- Rapid modernization (Westernization)

- Environmental contamination

- Technological innovation

-pharmaceutical testing

Term
commodification
Definition
putting a cash value on something
Term
Remittances
Definition
The money that people send back to their country
Term

Postmodernity

(Science revolution)

Definition

- balkanization - cleavage in nation states

- technological discontent

-modern ethno and geno cide

- ripple effect

Term
Institutional Review Board
Definition

- Submit proposal to them to make sure its ethical

- Have to be open - present documents and explain yourself

Term
Ethical Issues in Anthropology:
Definition

- indiscriminate use of data and conclusions

- Access to privelaged materials and knowledge

- ownership of materials

- plagiarism

- personal relationships and responsibilities

Term
Kinesics
Definition
Nonverbal communication
Term
phonology
Definition
Verbal communication
Term
phonemics
Definition
way sounds have meaning 
Term
phonetics
Definition
Way things sound
Term
Assimilation
Definition
adoption of a nation's ideals, when a minority group is forced to adopt culture of dominant group
Term
Ethnic Strife
Definition

1. prejudice

2. discrimination

3. stereotyping

4. genocide

5. ethnocide

6. cultural colonialism

Term
Balanced Reciprocity
Definition
Each party gets something of same value, exchange at determined time
Term
Generalized Reciprocity
Definition
families, hunting and gathering
Term
Negative reciprocity
Definition

Car dealer, furniture salesman

Each person trying to benefit better in relationship

Term
Berdache
Definition

-Transgendered male or female - native american society

- is a socially recognized rle

- berdache will remain selibut until need for people

Term
Hijra
Definition

- In India, two class - act as residual performers - drag queens

- Is considered good luck to have hijra perform at wedding

- castration stops masculinity traits

Term
Heteronormativity
Definition

Refers to the institutionalization of heterosexuality in a society:

1. only 2 sexes

2. certain expectations and behaviors follow sex

3. Constructs binaries: gay/straigh, man/woman

Term

Hermaphrodite

(intersexed_

Definition

-biological

- a social status assigned to persons having sex characteristics of both females and males

Term
Transgendered
Definition

-Mental

- may feel themselves to be neither gender, to be both genders, or to be a gender other than what their sex would normally dictate

Term

Transsexed

(sexual reassignment)

Definition
Persons who are designated as one gender and sex at birth, but prefer to identify themselves and live as another gender AND as another sex
Term
Taphonomy
Definition
The study of processes affecting archaeological remains
Term
Palynology
Definition
The study of disease and injury through analyses of osteological remains
Term
Oldowan tool complex
Definition
Associated with homo habilies
Term
Acheulian tool complex
Definition
associated with homo erectus
Term
Anthropometry
Definition
Measurement of human body parts and dimensions
Term
Systematic Survey
Definition
Study of settlement patterns over a large area
Term
Palynology
Definition
Study of ancient life through pollen samples
Term
Uniformitarianism
Definition
Natural forces at work today also explain past events.
Term
Balanced Polymorphism
Definition
Alleles maintain a constant frequency in a population over time
Term
Cline
Definition
Gradual shift in gene frequencies between neighboring populations
Term
Rickets
Definition
Vitamin D deficiency marked by bone deformation
Term
Sexual Dimorphism
Definition
Marked differences in male and female anatomy and temperament.
Term
Inclusive Fitness
Definition
The reproductive success measured by the representation of genes one shares with other, related individuals
Term
Productivity
Definition
Creating new expressions that are comprehensible to other speakers.
Term
morphology
Definition
Study of morphemes and word construction
Term
Lexicon
Definition
Vocabulary; all the morphemes in a language and their meanings
Term
Syntax
Definition
Arrangement of words in phrases and sentences.
Term
Market Principle
Definition
Buying, selling, and valuation based on supply and demand
Term
Redistribution
Definition
Flow of goods into center, then back out; chiefdoms
Term
Potlatch
Definition
Competitive feast on north pacific coast of north america.
Term
Matrilocality/Patrilocality
Definition
Married couple resides in eithers community.
Term
neolocality
Definition
Couple establishes new residence
Term
Ambilineal
Definition
Flexible descent rule, neither patrilineal nor matrilineal
Term
Bilateral kinship
Definition
Kin tie calculated equally through men and women
Term
Exogamy/Endogamy
Definition
Seeking mate outside one's group/inside one's group
Term
Communitas
Definition
Intense feeling of social solidarity
Term
Animism
Definition
Belief in souls or doubles.
Term
Magic
Definition
Using supernatural techniques to accomplish specific aims.
Term
liminality
Definition
The in-between stage of a passage rite.
Term
polytheism/monotheism
Definition
multiple gods/one god
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