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Anthropology 1001 unit 2
Primates
49
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
10/27/2011

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Prosimians
Definition

Tree Shrews

Lemurs

Lorises

Tarsiers

Term
New World Monkeys
Definition

 

 

 

(Howler Monkeys, Spider Monkeys, Buffy Headed Marmoset, Golden Lion tamarins, Squirrel Monkey, White Throated Capuchin, Titi Monkey)

 

Term
Old World Monkeys
Definition

Baboons and Macaques

Colobuses and Langurs

Guenons and Mangabeys

Term
Apes
Definition

Gibbons

Orangutans

Chimpanzees

Bonobos

Gorillas

Term

Dian Fossey

Definition

went into the jungles of africa and began studying the mountain gorillas, she went crazy while out there (she would kidnap children of local people when gorillas got trapped in traps) , she worked to get attention on the fact that gorillas are endangered, did work for conservation, was murdered in her cabin.

Term

Jane Goodall

Definition
Responsible for understanding enormous amounts of research about Chimpanzees. Sill in the feild today.
Term

Birute Gladikas- Brindamour

Definition

worked with orangutans, with their conservation, rehabilitation into the wild

Term
r selected
Definition

lots of offspring at one time; born with high maturity level; decrease parental investment; shorter pregnancy periods (gestation); insects and fish

Term
k selected
Definition

few offspring at one time; born immature; long maturation period; require a lot of parental investment; gestation length is long; (humans)    

Term

Arboreal Hypothesis 

Definition
The suite of characteristics seen in primates is a result of adapting to an arboreal environment
Term
Heterodont
Definition
different types of teeth (maxible is upper jaw, mandible is lower jaw)
Term
incisor
Definition
Biting
Term
Canine
Definition
ripping and tearing
Term
Premolar
Definition

chewing

 

Term
Molar
Definition
Chewing
Term
Diastema
Definition
space in the mouth
Term

Sectorial P3

Definition

first premolar behind the canine, has elongated shape, has a large cusp, found in non-human primates

Term
Sexual Dimorphism
Definition

·       Differences between the sexes of the same species, size shape and coloration

Term
Prosimian
Definition

o   Primitive- do not look like monkey’s per say

o   Post-Orbital bar – sides of the eye have a border, they do not have a completely enclosed eye orbit like humans and other apes do

o   Dental comb – mandible incisors (lower jaw front teeth) are specialized for grooming and feeding, they project to the front of the mouth…not all prosimians have this but only prosimians have this

o   Grooming Claw – specialized digit that is used primarily for feeding

Term
Lemurs (prosimian)
Definition

o   found only in Madagascar

o   Variable diet and social organization

o   primarily arboreal (living in the trees)

Term

·       Lorises (Bush baby, slow Loris)(prosimian)

Definition

o   Found in Africa and Southern Asia

o   average under 4 pounds

o   Eat Insects and are Nocturnal

o   Same dental formula as new world monkeys

o   Keep very still

o   Use vocalization in a specific way, and can recognize each other. Use this more than sight and smell

Term

·       Tarsiers (Tarsier) **Transitional between different suborders** (prosimian)

Definition

o   Found in the South Pacific Indonesia and Philippians

o   average 4 to 5 ounces

o   Nocturnal

Term

·       Anthropoid Characteristics

Definition

o   More Primate

o   No Dental Comb and No Grooming Claw

o   Have an enclosed eye orbit due to Post Orbital Plate

o   Longer Gestation and Maturation Periods

Term
New World Monkeys
Definition

·       (Howler Monkeys, Spider Monkeys, Buffy Headed Marmoset, Golden Lion tamarins, Squirrel Monkey, White Throated Capuchin, Titi Monkey)

Term

Old World Monkeys 

Definition

(Savannah Baboons, Mandrill, Hanuman Langur, B/W Colobus, Proboscis monkey)

Term

NWM Characteristics “Platyrrhines”

Definition

§  Found in Mexico, Central ,and South America

§  Smallest of the Monkeys besides the Prosimians

§  Dental Formula: 2.1.3.3. / 2.1.3.3.

§  Wider septum, and nostrils that face the side

§  Some have grasping tails, prehensile

§  Active during the day

Term

Old World Monkeys 

Definition

(Savannah Baboons, Mandrill, Hanuman Langur, B/W Colobus, Proboscis monkey)

Term
Old World Monkeys
Definition

§  Africa and Southeast Asia

§  Lager than new world monkeys, but smaller than apes.

§  Large in Body and Brain

§  Narrower Septum and Nostrils that face forward

§  ischial callosities are a hardened area of skin on their posterior

§  No Prehensile tail

§  Dental formula: 2.1.2.3. / 2.1.2.3.

Term
Lesser Apes
Definition

§  Gibbons and Siamang

§  “True Brachiators” – very efficient at swinging through the forest

§  Elongated fingers and reduced thumb

Term
Great Apes
Definition
orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos
Term
Orangutans
Definition

·       Sexually Dimorphic – Adult males generally twice the size of adult females

·       Spend a lot of time on the ground

·       Solitary

·       Arboreal

·       When traveling long distances they generally travel on the ground

·       Extremely Endangered

Term
Gorillas
Definition

·       Sexually Dimorphic – males twice the size as females

·       Silverback is an adult male dominant of the tribe

·       The largest of the Apes

Term
Chimpanzees
Definition

·       Males are slightly larger than females

·       modifying the environment for a particular purpose was first observed in the chimpanzees

Term
Bonobos
Definition

·       Large groups…similar to chimpanzees

·       Eating is similar to chimps except no team hunting

·       Less aggressive than chimpanzees

·       Orgies

Term
Behavioral Ecology
Definition

The study of the evolution of behavior which emphasizes the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection

Term
Social Structure
Definition

·       the composition of the group, the size of the group

Term
Solitary
Definition
Primates are normally alone
Term
Monogamous
Definition
one male, one female, and their offspring.
Term
Polygyny
Definition

male/ multi female – one dominant male and multiple females. Unlike Polyandry, there truly is just one male.

Term
o   multi male/ multi female – 
Definition

many individuals making up a large social network

Term
Polyandrous
Definition

 

o   female/ multi male – one female who is in heat and many males

 

·       Influencing behaviors

 

Term
Sociobiology
Definition

·       the study of evolutionary behaviors that emphasizes genetic or biological factors.

 

o   Does natural selection act on behavior? Yes

§  Ex. Aggression and testosterone

Term
Factors that influence Hierarchy
Definition

o   Aggressive behavior, intelligence, gender, mother’s position

Term
Taxonomy
Definition

the field of study that deals with classifying organisms, trying to base on evolutionary relationships

Term
Homology
Definition

describes a trait that is shared by two or more species based on decent from a common ancestor

Term
Analogy
Definition

similar trait resulting from a common adaptation; only remotely related

Term
Homoplasy
Definition

a process that leads to the development of analogies; independent development of similar traits in different species; can happen in either homology or Analogy

Term
Taphonomy
Definition
the study of what happens after death
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