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Thomas Aquinas

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Perspective of the universe that believes that everything that exist in the universe now has always existed and always will exist, as it is now and as it was in the past. It all came into existence at the same time (fixity / immutability)

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Philosopher who introduced the Heliocentric Model

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Heliocentric Model

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It claimed earth is NOT center of universe. Its not even the center of solar system. Earth does not stand still. Nothing rotates around it. Earth rotates around the sun

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Read Copernicus work and agreed with him. Was tortured and burnt at the stake by the Vatican

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Atomistic Theory

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All matter was made up of particles that were invisible to the naked eye

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James Ussher

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Wanted to know how old the world was, he went back to the bible and counted the generations in genesis and figured out God created the world in 4004B.C

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John Lightfoot

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further figured out that earth was created at 9am on October 23^rd

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John Ray

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Came up with Genus and Species

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Linnaus

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Founder of taxonomy, classification, and order. imposed order on seaming chaos, means to see change, classified humans as animals (mammalia, order: primates) “if humans are able to bring about change, then maybe fixability doesn't exist”

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Natural history in 1749

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Esasmus Darwin

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Published epic poem called Zoonomia that introduced Evolution. Charles Darwins grandfather

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Comes up with theory of Inherited / Acquired Characteristics. Said that the enviroment is always undergoing change. Said that as environment changed, organs within organisms change, and they pass the changes onto the next generation.

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Copying DNA

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George Cuvier

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early french protistant (late 1700). Finds large scale animal skeletons. Comes up with the term “Extinction”. The church denyed that extinction could even happen. Also came up with “Catastrophism” Enemy of Lamarck

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Catastrophism

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Organisms die out due to large cotastrophys

Alverez Family

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Figured out the Big Bang Theory. Found Iridium on earth, which is only found in space.

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Charles Lyell

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Published Principles of Geology Started publishing in 1831 and finished in 1833. Gives us the law of Supuposition, Association, Uniformitarianism, and Deep Time.

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Uniformatarianism

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All things that bring about change now have always brought about hcange and will always bring about change

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Deet Time

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The earth is constantly changing, but most changes occur so slowly, that you cant visually see them happen in our lifetimes.

Darwin Family

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Charles Darwin

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• - When get got older, he was sent to Scotland to go to medical school

• - Darwin become a very detailed observer of nature
  
  - And early publication of his was on the Sex Life of Barnacles
  
  - Discovers, while in school, that he is appalled by the surgical procedures practiced at that time
  
  - Decideds not ot pursur medical school and goes back home to go to Cambridge University
  
  - He goes to study Theology and gains his degree
  
  - He is introduced to Proctors while in school

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worked for the government and had the power to barge into your home without permission and monitor what you are talking about, and learning about, and they also had the power to fire you from your job and kick you out of school

HMS Beagle Ship

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•  Ship was going aroudn the world to map the coast line of south American, and also to establish longatude in the pacific ocean
  
  - The captian was Capt. Fitzroy
  
  - Darwin gains the position of Captians

  - Ship leaves England in December of 1831
  
  - While on the ocean, Darwin has the idea that islands are formed by underwater volcanos erupt and create the masses

  - They spend 2.5yrs maping the South American coast line

  - Darwin has the oppurtunity to see fossilized remains of extinct animals, and also sees related animals of those extinct

  - After leaving, Darwin very much so buys into Fixity (great chain of life)

  - Darwin begins to shift his mindset into this idea of change, and that the world changes

  -They spent a couple of weeks in Galapagose island, Darwin was most facinated by this

  - Marine Iguanas, Finches, Tortises were collected by Darwin anjd studied them when he got home

  - Capt. Fitzroy was a Chrisitian fundlementalist

  - Come back to england in October of 1836

  - Fitzroy recived lyells volumes and was giving them to Daewin to read

  - Darwins most important observation made on the trip was the observation of Variation.

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Alfred. Russell Wallacel

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• - Born in the lowest social class
  
  - helped to build the railroad crossing London
  
  - also observed variation
  
  - like Darwin, he started to put together the idea of evolution
  
  - He published a paper in the 1850s about speciation

   

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- Founder of Demography

- Published an essay called “Essay of population”

- In the essay, he describes how humans reproduce mathematically

- He said humans increase exponentially (1 because 2, 2 because 4, 4 because 8...)

- He believed the human population would double every 25 years

- He thought ways to keep down the population was: Epidemic desiese, Famine, and Warfare

- DIVERSITY IS ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE OT EXIST

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Wallace