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anthro thest 3
suckfest
138
Anthropology
Undergraduate 3
03/27/2009

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
kinship
Definition
various systems of social organization that societies have constructed on principles derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance
Term
kinship vs. biology
Definition
Kinship is related to biology just because that’s what usually happens
Term
fictive kinship
Definition
Use of kinship terminology to refer to people outside the kin group (usually compadre/comadre, “Uncle” Joe, etc.)
Term
idiom
Definition
Kinship is a selective interpretation of the common experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance
Term
marriage
Definition
how to carry out the reproduction of legitimate group members
Term
residence
Definition
how to determine where group members should live after marriage
Term
descent
Definition
to establish links between generations
Term
Succession/Inheritance
Definition
how to pass on social positions (succession) or material goods (inheritance) from a preceding to a succeeding generation.
Term
What are the 4 principal ares of kinship
Definition
marriage, residence, descent, succession/inheritance
Term
v. New reproductive technologies are currently challenging established kinship categories and processes:
Definition
in vitro fertilization, surrogate parenthood, sperm banks, etc
Term
Affinal kin
Definition
people linked by marriage
Term
consinguineal kin
Definition
people linked by birth as “blood” relations
Term
Adoption
Definition
culturally specific ritual of incorporation
Term
Nurturance
Definition
feeding, clothing, sheltering, and otherwise attending to the physical and emotional well-being of an individual for an extended period
Term
problems with bilateral descent
Definition
i. Clear-cut membership in a particular social group must be determined
ii. Social action requires forming groups larger than families
iii. Conflicting claims to land and labor must be resolved
iv. A specific social order must be perpetuated over time
Term
bilateral descent
Definition
i. A person is just as related to their father’s side of the family as to their mother’s side
Term
bilateral descent group
Definition
rare: A single set of people who claim membership in that group based on descent through both the father and the mother
Term
Bilateral kindred
Definition
European:A single set of people who find a common relationship through their relationship to a single person, known as “ego”
Term
unilineal descent
Definition
occurs in the majority of societies; The most significant kin relationships must be traced through a single line, either the mother’s or the father’s, but not through both
Term
patrilineal descent (agnatic descent)
Definition
traced through the father or through male kin
Term
patrilineage
Definition
group of both men and women who are related through father-child links
Term
matrilineage
Definition
group of men and women who are related through mother-child links
Term
lineage membership
Definition
group made up of all the people who believe they can specify the parent-child links that connect each of them to each other
1. Lineage membership confers a corporate legal identity on each member (often egalitarian with other lineage members)
2. Lineage membership confers political status on each member
3. A lineage lasts as long as the members remember a common ancestor. Most lineages last around five generations; some Jewish and Arab lineages last much longer.
Term
clan
Definition
A descent group that cannot specify the precise links between members, or that traces descent from a mythical ancestor.
Term
kinship terminology
Definition
special terms used to refer to kin
Term
six major patterns of kinship
Definition
1) Hawaiian, (2) Eskimo, (3) Iroquois, (4) Crow, (5) Omaha, and (6) Sudanese, based on seven major criteria
Term
Seven major criteria of kinship terminology
Definition
a. Generation: parent vs. child
b. Gender: male vs. female
c. Affinity: marriage
d. Collaterality: direct vs. indirect relation
e. Bifurcation: mother’s side vs. father’s side
f. Relative age: older vs. younger
g. Sex of linking relative
i. Parallel cousin: FBD, MSS
ii. Cross cousin: FSD, MBS
Term
Hawaiian pattern of kinship
Definition
bilateral; based on generation and gender. Each person of the same gender within the same generation is called by the same kin term.
Term
Eskimo pattern of kinship
Definition
bilateral; : based on symmetry
1. Lineal core: nuclear family (husband, wife, children)
2. Collateral relatives: not associated with husband’s side or wife’s side
Term
unilinial and patrilineal patterns of kinship
Definition
Omaha and Sudanese;
Term
unilinial and matrilineal
Definition
Iroquios and Crow
Term
segmentary lineage
Definition
he close family is the smallest and closest segment, and will generally stand with each other. That family is also a part of a larger segment of more distant cousins and their families, who will stand with each other when attacked by outsiders. They are then part of larger segments with the same characteristics. Basically, brothers will fight against cousins, unless outsiders come, and then they will join together
Term
5 elements of a prototype marriage
Definition
man and woman, status transformation, sexual access, children, relationships created between families
Term
Prototype contradicted
Definition
Marriage varies widely from culture to culture and there are examples that contradict each of the above elements
Term
Kinship system
Definition
Governs which couples cannot marry due to being too closely related (“incest taboo”). Incest varies widely as well.
Term
exogamy
Definition
“out-marriage”: the requirement or preference that some societies have that a person marry outside of the group—most basically, the incest taboo (“outside the family, lineage, or clan”) but also sometimes the requirement that a spouse must speak a different language.
Term
endogamy
Definition
“in-marriage”: the requirement or preference that some societies have that a person marry another member of the group. Often related to religious or ethnic identity.
Term
where to live upon marriage?
Definition
neolocal, bilocal, patrilocal, matrilocal, avunculocal
Term
neolocal
Definition
Marriage partners set up an independent household
Term
bilocal
Definition
Marriage partners can live with or near the parents of either partner
Term
patrilocal
Definition
residence upon marriage with or near the husband’s father and his family
Term
matrilocal
Definition
residence upon marriage with or near the wife’s mother and her family (usually matrilineal societies)
Term
avunculocal
Definition
residence upon marriage with or near the family of the husband’s mother’s brother (usually matrilineal societies that link men within a matrilineage)
Term
how many spouses?
Definition
sexual dimorphism and the great apes, monogamy, polygamy, polygyny, polyandry
Term
bride service
Definition
Length of time that a groom must work for the family of the bride before he can marry the daughter. Example: Jacob from the Bible.
Term
Bridewealth
Definition
Symbolically important goods that must be paid by the groom’s family to the bride’s family prior to and during marriage. Not “brideprice”—the money is used to instantiate the relationship between families, often to legitimate births.
Term
Dowry
Definition
Money given by the family of the bride to her (and possibly to her husband) upon her marriage
Term
hypergamy
Definition
“Marrying up”—a person (in male-dominated stratified societies, usually the bride) marries someone with higher social status, with the result that the children will also assume that higher status.
Term
sororate
Definition
When a wife dies young (without producing children), the husband’s family may ask the wife’s family for her sister to marry the widower, thus ensuring the alliance.
Term
levirate
Definition
When a husband dies young, the wife may be asked by the husband’s family, or she may request herself, to marry one of his brothers. Example: Boaz and Ruth from the Bible
Term
types of family
Definition
nonconjugal family, conjugal family, coresidence
Term
nonconjugnal family
Definition
A woman and her dependent children
Term
conjugnal family
Definition
A husband, a wife, and their dependent children
Term
coresidence
Definition
Whether or not the husband lives with the wife and children
Term
nuclear
Definition
neolocal, monogamous family
Term
polygynous family
Definition
husband, cowives, children: wives relate to each other and to their husband, and the children relate to their full siblings and their half-siblings, as well as their mother’s cowives.
Term
extended family
Definition
generations: parents, married children, grandchildren (Example: Obamas plus Marian Robinson)
Term
Joint Family
Definition
Two generations: a set of siblings and their spouses and children
Term
blended family
Definition
Previously divorced people bring their children into a new family; the brady bunch
Term
family by choice
Definition
families that are not the result of heterosexual marriage
Term
divorce
Definition
social dissolution of a marriage
i. Bridewealth/dowry
ii. Children
iii. Benefits
Term
Gender segregation
Definition
No male-female mixing outside of family members

"By the time I arrived at the doorway, the women would have come to meet me, unless male guests were sitting out front. If men were there, I would greet them politely and hurry into the house. Just inside, out of sight of the men, I might find the women and girls..."
Term
agnation
Definition
relationship through an exclusively male line in a patrilineal system.
i. Agnatic succession is the same as patrilineal succession.
ii. “Agnate”: blood relative on the father’s side
"The community in which I lived as the camp of the family of the Haj's great grandfather, which, strictly speaking, included only the 5 core households headed by the sons of two brothers"
Term
integration/separation (VS)
Definition
wealth enables separation of Awlad Ali from the rest of Egyptian society. Poverty enforces integration.

-smuggling and mingling with non-familial contacts in cairo and alexandria
Term
language
Definition
Not shared; other Egyptian students had trouble understanding Bedouins’ Arabic; Abu-Lughod thus needs to be socialized into Bedouin language-and-culture
Term
religious faith
Definition
shared; Abu-Lughod makes herself appear more pious then she is in her life in America
Term
Kinship (VS)
Definition
Abu-Lughod is “adopted” into the family—fictive kinship
Term
intersubjectivity
Definition
agreement between people—shared knowledge. Technically, though, lying is an intersubjective act, since it involves an acknowledgement that the shared knowledge is not the same as the self’s knowledge. Abu-Lughod lies about her sexuality and identity, is treated accordingly (as though she were innocent and “not American”), and then comes to believe her own lie and change her own conception of who she is, such that she feels uncomfortable without her veil, and she mourns in public. As a result, she has undergone an intersubjective conversion of sorts. (p. 19)
Term
social invisibility of women
Definition
"A conspiracy of silence separated men from the world of women"

-Because this is a sex-segregated society, women are able to pick up more about men by appearing invisibily than men are about women.
Term
segmentary lineage (VS)
Definition
: “nested” series of descent groups to which a person belongs, based of closeness and generation of relationship (p. 29).

i. Here, we will see that the lineage group to which one expresses one’s membership to belong varies, depends on context, and is accomplished through speech.
Term
division in poetry between dissimulation and honesty
Definition
i. Reality demands a defensive, passive-aggressive, “joking” approach to expressing one’s true feelings
ii. Poetic discourse enables honesty, vulnerability, and the expression of attachment
p.32
Term
central question of the book
Definition
“The relationship between the Bedouin poetic discourse and the discourse of ordinary social life. ... The basic cultural notions the Awlad ‘Ali hold about society, social relations, and the individual—in short, the ideology of social life”
a. How is Bedouin poetic discourse related to the discourse of ordinary social life? Answering this question requires us to “understand the basic cultural notions the Awlad Ali hold about society, social relations, and the individual—in short, the ideology of social life.” Honor and modesty are studied relative to three organizing systems:
Term
kinship (VS)
Definition
1. Blood in the sense of ancestry of agnation “structures the Awlad ‘Ali vision of their social world, defines individual social identity and collective cultural identity, and shapes individual attitudes and sentiments towards others” (p. 32)
Term
hierarchy
Definition
1. Honor and modesty is clearly tied to hierarchy and to social inequality
Term
power/status
Definition
1. Honor and modesty are also tied to power and status, but this is less clearly understood. The presence of social inequality is something that must be accounted for and explained locally. Modesty in particular is not well understood as a means to “rationalize social inequality” (p. 33)
Term
modesty
Definition
Voluntary deference to those in the system who more closely embody its ideals. So the fact that a woman defers to a man is her acknowledgement that this man is more modest than she is. !!!
Term
sentiment
Definition
Not emotion or affect because these terms can refer to everyday feelings, and Abu-Lughod wants to “signal the literary or conventional nature of these responses”—sentiment is limited and defined
Term
everyday life
Definition
Part I of the book; shows the ideology of Bedouin social life: “The concepts the Bedouin use to make sense of their world and the dominant ideas that orient their actions and interactions.”
Term
poetic life
Definition
Part II of the book; explores the fundamental contradiction between the non-virtuous sentiment of poetry and the virtue of everyday life. While everyday discourse shows a self that follows the “ideology of honor and modesty,” poetic discourse shows a self that is “vulnerable and weak, ... moved by deep feelings of love and longing. These are not at first glance the sentiments of proud and autonomous individuals, nor are they the sentiments of chaste individuals.”
Term
identity and those "other" people
Definition
: p. 44ff, Bedouin identity is seen as formed in contrast to non-Bedouins—Egyptians are not really Arabs, Egyptians have no modesty or honor, wear strange clothes, are nancy-boys, etc. The descriptions here about the “others” are less descriptions about “real others” than they are about “selves.” After taking a few anthropology classes, we revoke your license to blindly accept statements made about “those others who are not like us” as having very much to do with actual other people, if any at all.
Term
self definition of Awlad-Ali
Definition
self-definition not through subsistence but through social organization
Term
what is the way of life for the Bedouin
Definition
pastoral nomadism
Term
what is the tribal order based on
Definition
1.Agnation (paternal relatives) and
2.A moral code tied to honor and modesty
Term
Asl
Definition
blood of ancestry (agnatic)
Term
Bedouins
Definition
tribally based pastoral nomads ii. Self-definition: not “bedouin” but “arab”
1.Implication: “ordinary” Egyptians are not Arabs!
2. “The men are women and the women are men”: “ordinary” Egyptians are effeminate nancy boys!

1. Early state response: control
2.Late state response: assimilation (Nasser’s Egypt: socialist, progressive, secular, development-oriented)
Term
honor code
Definition
1. Generosity: no room for opportunism
2. Courage: challenges, displays of fearlessness
3. Gender relations
a. Men: public intimacy is a sign of the man’s weakness
b. Women: immodesty: any acknowledgement of sexuality is a sign of weakness on the part of women
Term
garaba
Definition
blood of relationship
Term
Tribe
Definition
knowledge of ancestry enables an individual to assert a unique identity in relation to others
a. “The tribe a person chooses to identify with at any given moment depends largely on the rhetorical statement the speaker wishes to make about his or her relationship to the inquirer”
Term
People
Definition
undifferentiated mass of citizenry
Term
Agnatic Descent in VS
Definition
takes precedence (co-wife in same agnatic group as husband uses shared identity against unrelated co-wife)
Term
Problem of marriage in VS
Definition
presents particular problems!
i. The nuclear family is a sign of weakness. Why?
ii. Thus, patrilateral parallel cousin marriage is preferred as a cultural ideal
1. Lower actual incidence is less important than its ideological preference
a. Interpretation? For you anthropologists out there?
2. Results?
a. Less emphasis on sexual satisfaction
b. Greater emphasis on loyalty, trust, closeness
Term
maternal kinship
Definition
1. Still a blood relationship, so maternal kinship reveals a secondary tie to another patrilineage
Term
Coresidence in VS
Definition
1. Fictive kinship is often created around familiarity: shared food and patron-client relationships
Term
Identification and sharing (VS)
Definition
e. Identification and sharing
i. Blood indemnity: “feud”
1. Identification of an insult with the whole group
2. People become interchangeable members of groups: indexical relation of part to whole
a.Marriage is a group-group relationship
3.Reciprocity
4.Gifting
Term
gifting
Definition
means of maintaining and repairing relations
Term
reciprocity
Definition
organized around empathy
Term
Modern housing's effect on women
Definition
Diminished socialization between women because they now have no excuse to leave the house to do chores since they have all the conveniences they need in their home
Ex: well for water
Term
autonomy
Definition
Stated goal and means of measuring relative status
i. Age: Primary distinction within tribes
ii. Patriarchy: Autonomy increases with dependents
iii. Gender: Women are always dependents (daughter, sister, or wife)
Term
Family model of hierarchy
Definition
i. Replaces antagonism with complementary: Powerful have obligations and responsibilities to the weak
ii. Elder/younger brother
1. Saadi vs. Mrabit (Saadi: “high”; Mrabit: “bound”)
iii. Father/son (kinship terms)
1. Lineage elders and juniors
2. Patrons and clients (remnants of a kind of slavery or servitude)
a. Use of kinship terms implies reciprocal obligation and affection, protection and dependency
Term
authority VS
Definition
“derives neither from the use of force nor from ascribed position, but from moral worthiness”: In other words, the ability to command people and resources derives from the closeness with which one conforms to moral standards.

i. Authority is not guaranteed by age, wealth, genealogy, ancestry, or gender
Term
Asl
Definition
ancestry/origin/nobility, primary metaphor for virtue or honor
Term
honor VS
Definition
(sharaf): generosity, honesty, sincerity, loyalty to friends, keeping one’s word
Term
Independence VS
Definition
(hurriyya): freedom from others and from self
Term
Sa’adi vs. Mrabit
Definition
1. Lineage: only Sa’adi are actual “sons of Ali” (Awlad Ali), Ali being the cousin of the prophet Muhammad
2. Nobility: presence of Sa’adi heritage explains any nobility among Mrabit
3. Freedom: warrior ethic
4. Power: ability/capability
a. Younger brother with 2-3-year-old daughter, in presence of older brother: “Can he kill you?” (assertiveness training!?)
5. Toughness: “cussedness”?
6. Assertiveness: Ability to rise to a challenge and reply to a provocation
7. Self-mastery
a. Physical stoicism: denial of pain
b. Emotional stoicism: refusal to weep
Term
Agl
Definition
self-control
1. Related to masculine maturation (men are made?)
2. Male life cycle:
a. Childhood (birth to age 12-15): no responsibility
b. Age of majority (12-15 to 40): fasting and praying, responsibility for blood debts (feuding)
c. Age of wisdom (40-60): self-mastery, knowledge of right and wrong
d. Old age: (60+): continuation of maturity, or senility
Term
failure to demonstrate agl
Definition
causes one to lose the respect of the community (particularly inability to control sexual desire)
1. Example: Rashid: broke social mores to pursue second wife
a. Sent female cousin
b. Personally called on brother-in-law
c. Sent elder brother to bargain for her
d. Refused to divorce her
e. Women’s words:
i. “idiot” for chasing a woman who doesn’t want him
ii. “idiot” for wanting back a woman with poor judgment
iii. “idiot” for being happy when she returned
f. Problem? “Relinquished control over his feelings, which allowed himself to be controlled by another person” (p. 97)
Term
Limits on power
Definition
a. Respect, paid to powerful by powerless, must be won. Asserting power too forcefully invites rebellion
b. Tyranny is never tolerated for long
c. Younger brothers can split from overbearing elder brothers
d. Women can leave abusive husbands
Term
hasham
Definition
The Honor of the Weak
a. Respect must be earned through the moral worthiness of the person in authority; therefore, the “free consent of dependents is essential to the superior’s legitimacy”—if consent is coerced, it becomes worthless. “Voluntary deference is therefore the honorable mode of dependency” (p. 104)
Term
hashama
Definition
i. Propriety
ii. Awlad Ali: double meaning
iii. Gendered
iv. Cultural, not natural
Term
emotion vs. code in hashama definition
Definition
1. Feelings of shame that come about in the presence of more power people
a. Emotion: Involuntary
2. Acts of deference that arise from these feelings
a. Code: Voluntary deference
Term
cultural nature of hashama
Definition
not natural
1. Tahashsham: to give voluntary deference
2. Children must be taught to tahashsham, as well as appropriate contexts in which to tahashsham
Term
gendered nature of hashama (boys vs. girls)
Definition
1. Lack of hasham is a moral deficiency but more so for girls
a. Girls: Less indulgence, such that they do not become willful
b. Boys: Less discipline, such that they do not become fearful (but they don’t smoke around their fathers)
Term
willfulness for girls
Definition
willfulness is also valuable for women. The goal is to learn the appropriate expression of willfulness, alongside other virtues:
a. Energetic, strong, generous, honest, etc.
Term
preposition to hasham
Definition
Hashama is not something that is always present, but that is induced in the presence of someone “from” whom the person decides to tahashsham
Term
gendered morality
Definition
i. Honor: masculine (autonomy)
ii. Modesty: feminine (dependency)
iii. Thus, because hierarchy is expressed in the language of moral worth, “men’s precedence is due to their moral superiority” (p. 119)
Term
women's moral inferiority
Definition
stems from reproduction
a. Menstruation
b. Sexuality: “the greatest threat to the social system and to the authority of those preferred by this system”
Term
social value of girls vs. boys
Definition
a. Sons are valuable, daughters worthless
i. Men favor sons because of patrilineal descent and inheritance (investment in daughters is not rewarded over the long term)
ii. Women favor sons because a son is a woman’s social security (daughters will leave)
Term
cousin marriage as solution to social value of women
Definition
1. Enables a return on the investment in a girl’s education
2. Enables mothers to continue to be involved in their daughters’ lives
Term
“Natural” Bases of Female Moral Inferiority
Definition
Women are associated with fertility
a. Women’s sexuality contributes the most to their moral inferiority
Women are associated with social disorder
Term
moral inferiority through fetility
Definition
i. Moral inferiority naturalized through the deceit of Eve
ii. Association of women with fertility and rain
iii. Men are linked to death (associate at funerals), while women are linked to life (associate at births)
iv. These associations are reinforced through narratives from the Quran (Adam and Eve) and from fables
Term
Women are inferior through their tie to social disorder
Definition
i. Piety is possible only through purity
1. Menstruating women cannot pray. Salat: Prayer five times a day is a one of the “five pillars of Islam”
2. As a result, fertile women tend to be associated with ritual impurity and social disorder
Term
Women’s sexuality contributes the most to their moral inferiority
Definition
i. Women’s sexuality reveals a lack of independence and self-mastery, since children create dependency
1. Childbirth: Not only is a woman’s mobility reduced because of the infant, but she is less likely to divorce her husband because of his custody over her children
ii. Women’s sexuality reveals a lack of agl—the presence of agl is equivalent to the lack of sexual desire
Term
red belts
Definition
symbolize fertility (sexually active)
Term
black veils
Definition
sexual shame
i. (White: purity, religion, masculinity)
Term
attributes of an ideal woman
Definition
Masculine, pious, respectful, and chaste
Term
sex pollutes
Definition
i.Challenges the hierarchical relationship between elder and junior Bedouin tribesmen
ii. Undermines the exclusive authority of these older men by giving a younger man a domain of authority of his own
Term
modesty and denial of sexual attraction
Definition
a. The modesty code minimizes the threat sexuality poses to the social system by tying virtue or moral standing to its denial” (p. 152)
i. Denial of sexuality contributes to honor; acknowledgment of sexuality reduces honor
ii. A modest woman proves her modesty by
1. Admitting no interest in men
2. Not trying to attract men through behavior or dress
3. Covering up any indication of romantic or sexual attachment, even in marriage
Term
code of tahashsham
Definition
Vigorous denial of any sexual desire at all
1. Men must also deny sexual desire, but since they are naturally less overpowered by sex, they are less pressed to deny it
a. For men, only sexual desire that leads to dependency must be denied
2. Women are naturally sexual, so they have much stronger pressure to deny their sexuality
Term
Public
Definition
Tahashsham is only a public code; the expression of modesty is not necessary among one’s peers. (Bedouin women are capable of being bawdy and forthright about sex among their friends)
Term
the meaning of veiling
Definition
a. Veiling is voluntary: Women must be free to choose to veil, because only through their free choice can they claim the authenticity of their modesty
b. Veiling is situational:
i. Veiling is done to express shame over sexuality, in the presence of older, married kinsmen and strangers
ii. Veiling is not done to prevent seduction; a woman does not veil in the presence of her husband’s dependents or a man of lower status than her husband.
Term
Ghinnawa
Definition
The genre most associated with the sentiments of personal life
Term
poetry in context
Definition
a. Strong reactions to recorded poetry
b. Improvised, conversational (freestyle?)
c. Context is crucial: Poems make sense because of pragmatic concerns: the women listening knew the poet and knew of her life
i. “Who said it?”: speaker matters more than message (p. 177)
Term
discourse
Definition
set of statements, verbal and nonverbal, bound by rules and characterized by regularities, that both constructs and is patterned by social and personal reality (p. 186).
Term
star-crossed lovers
Definition
a. Marriages for love are very rare in this context of arranged marriage, and love that begins outside of marriage is already doomed, because “if a woman marries for love she is especially vulnerable to her husband.” In other words, marriage for love results in weakness, vulnerability, and a lack of independence. However, these fated and doomed loves are the source of life-long regret and longing, and much poetry.
Term
arranged marriage
Definition
and his marriage to Fayga. It was not clear why Fayga was acting the way she was until people heard her poems, and then they realized that she was really and truly in love with someone else, and it wasn’t an act to manipulate Rashid in his position of weakness.
Term
marriage; divorce, and polygyny
Definition
a. Higher wealth results in higher rates of polygyny
b. Mabruka: through poetry, Mabruka is able to express her feeling of loss and betrayal that Rashid has fallen in love with Fayga
Term
Why do Bedouin violate their own honor code in their poetry?
Definition
b. Hasham = distance, formality; poetry = closeness, familiarity, intimacy
c. Marriage violates the honor code and threatens the social fabric of the tribe. Gender segregation makes potential marriage partners distant from each other. However, marriage produces intimacy between very formal and distant partners. As a result, poetry is needed to reconcile the marriage relationship and form a bridge for male-female sexual relationships in general.
d. Public/private split is not “impression management” (Goffman)—there is no deception intended; rather, the behavior is moral and acceptable.
e. Public/private split is not evidence of somehow the “truth” of spontaneous, authentic feelings. Poetic discourse is even more conventional and formulaic than public discourse.
f. In fact, because of the ambiguity and universality in poetry, poetic discourse operates within a protective “veil” of interpretation.
Term
3 functions of poetry
Definition
bridging social distance, protecting poet from criticism, casting relief on social life
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