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Anthro test 1
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Anthropology
Undergraduate 4
09/28/2009

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Anthropology
Definition
study of the human species and immediate ancestors---is a holistic science
Term
**Cultures
Definition
traditions and customs transmitted through learning that form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them
Term
**General Anthropology has 4 sub-categories
Definition

1.) sociocultural    

2.) archaeological  

3.) biological        

4.) linguistic        

Term
racial classification
Definition
the attempt to assign humans to discrete categories based on common ancestry
Term
phenotype
Definition
an organism's evident physical traits...manifest biology...such as skin color, eye color etc.
Term
natural selection
Definition
the idea that forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment do so in greater numbers then others of the same population do
Term
tropics
Definition
belt 23 degrees north and south of the equator between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn
Term
**Cultural Anthropology
Definition

study of human society and culture, sub-field that describes, analyses, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences

- research is conducted through ethnography and ethnology

- research tends to focus on poor and powerless groups of people and how national plans work at the local level

Term
**Cultural Anthropologists use use two types of activity:
Definition
ethnography and ethnology
Term
**Ethnography
Definition
provides an account of a particular community society or culture (based on field work)- is group community spacific
Term
**Ethnology
Definition
examines interprets analyzes and compares the results of ethnograpgy (based on cross cultural comparison)- uses data collected by series of researchers
Term
**Archaeological Anthropology
Definition

reconstructs describes and interprets human behavior and cultural patterns through material remains

- research is done through paleoecology: looks at ecosystems of the past and transformations in culture

- research also done through excavating to reconstruct behavior patterns and lifestyles of the past

Term
**Biological Anthropology has 5 units of focus:
Definition

1.) human evolution is revealed by the fossil record (paleoanthropology)

2.) human genetics                           

3.) human growth and development    

4.) human biological plasticity (body's ability to adapt)

5.) primatology: the biology, evolution, behavior, and social life of apes, monkeys and other non-human primates

Term
**Linguistic Anthropology
Definition

studies language in its social and cultural context across space and over time

- research done through historical patterns and through sociolinguistics

Term
**Sociolinguistics
Definition
investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation
Term
science
Definition
a systematic field of study or body of knowledge that aims through experiment observation and deduction to produce reliable explanations of phenomenon with reference to the material world
Term
AAA says Anthropology has 2 dimentions:
Definition
applied anthropology and academic anthropology
Term
applied anthropology
Definition
application of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify assess and solve contemporatry social problems 
Term
cultural resource management
Definition
the preservation of useful sites and allowing destruction if they are not useful
Term

Anthropology Subfields:

1. cultural

2. archaeological

3. biological

4. linguistic

Definition

examples of application of each:

1. development anthropology

2. cultural resource management

3. forensic anthropology

4. study of linguistic diversity in classrooms

Term
Enculturation
Definition
process by which a child learns his or her culture
Term
**culture is:
Definition
shared, learned and uses SYMBOLS...conscious and unconscious learning...also learned through observation
Term
symbols
Definition
signs that have no necessary or natural connection to things they stand for or signify
Term
**CULTURE IS:
Definition
shared, symbolic, teaches to express biological urges in certain ways, all encompassing, integrated (contains core values that both integrate and distinguish one from another), can be adaptive and maladaptive,
Term
**Levels of Culture:
Definition
National, International, and Subcultures
Term
**National Culture
Definition

embodies the beliefs, learned behavior patterns, values and institutionsthat are shared by citizens of the same nation

ex: in U.S. shaking hands when meeting someone for first time

Term
**International Culture
Definition

extends beyond and across national boundaries

ex: having flags, sports like soccer

Term
**Subcultures
Definition

- different symbol based patterns and traditions associated with different groups in the same complex society

ex: the Amish

- patterned along region, religion, social class, and ethnic lines

- upper class marriage between cousins is more common bc they try to keep wealth in the family..ewww

- local culture: festivals, foods, historical patterns

Term
**Ethnocentrism
Definition

- tendency to view ones own culture as superior and to apply ones own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures

- is universal

- helps foster unity, social stability, group identity

- in extremes leads to tragic consequences such as forcing one culture on another

Term
**Cultural Relativism
Definition

- the viewpoint that behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture 

- in its extreme this implies that there can be no morals (stopping genocide)

Term
Idea of Human Rights
Definition
invokes a realm of justice and morality beyond and superior to the laws and customs of particular countries cultures and religions; include right to speak freely, hold religious beliefs without prosecution, not be murdered, injured, enslaved, or imprisioned without charge
Term
Cultural Rights
Definition
vested in groups not individuals; include a groups ability to preserve its culture, raise its children in ways of ancestors, continue its language, and not be deprived of economic base by its country
Term
Intellectual Property Rights
Definition
attempt to preserve each society's cultural base; its core beliefs, knowledge, and practices
Term
In terms of human diversity certain biological, psychological, social, and cultural features are:
Definition

1.) universal- found in every culture       

2.) generalities- found in many but notall   3.)particularities- unique to                       certain groups                                                              

Term
**Mechanisms of cultural change:
Definition

Diffusion

Acculturation

Independent Invention

Term
**Diffusion
Definition

borrowing of traits between cultures

1. direct- when two cultures trade with, intermarry among, or war with one another

2. forced- when one culture imposes its customs on a dominated group

3. indirect- when items and traits move from group A to group C via group B without A and C having contact

Term
**Acculturation
Definition
exchange of cultural features that results when groups have continuous first hand contact...parts of cultures change but each group remains intact..ex spanglish (pidgin)
Term
**Independent Invention
Definition
process by which humans innovate, creatively finding solutions to problems
Term
**Globalization
Definition
encompasses a series of processes including diffusion, migration, and acculturation, working to promote change in a world in which nations and people are increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent
Term
capitalist world economy
Definition
a single world system committed to production for sale or exchange, with the object of maximizing profits, rather than supplying domestic needs
Term
capital
Definition
wealth or resouces invested in business, with the intent of using the means of production to make profit 
Term
**World Systems Theory
Definition
an identifiable social system, based on wealth and power differentials, extends beyond individual countries...formed by a set of political and economical relations that has characterized much of the globe since the 16th century, when the old world established connection with the new world...it's 3 parts are INTER-dependent not independent
Term
**Three positions of economic and political power:
Definition

Core

Semi-periphery

Periphery

Term
**Core
Definition
dominant position in the world system..strongest economy and military..United States, Canada, Britian, Japan, Germany
Term
**Semi-periphery
Definition
intermediate between the core and the periphery... have industrial and manufacturing economies...strong economy but less wealth/power...Brazil, Mexico, S.Korea, China, India, Russia (Russia has strong military but weak economy)
Term
**Periphery
Definition
includes the worlds least privaleged and powerful countries...agricultural & provides workers to core and semiperiphery nations...immigration and outsourcing of jobs
Term
**Old World contain these countries and offered these to the New World
Definition
Europe Asia Africa...coffee, oranges, wheat, rice, horse, cattle, pigs, sheep
Term
**New World includes these countries and offers these to the Old World
Definition
Americas- potatoes, tomatoes, corn, pineapple, peanuts, turkey, llama
Term
**Demand for sugar and tobacco in a growing international market created the...
Definition
transatlantic slave trade and New World plantation economies based on slave labor
Term
**Industrial Revolution: what and when
Definition
18th century- historical transformation in Europe of traditional to modern societies through industrialization of the enconomy...feuled by transatlantic trade and commerce due to large profits from them
Term
Industrial Revolution: causes
Definition
cotton products, iron, and pottery; machines replaces hand work for these products and production increased; industrialization feuled urban growth-factories close together/ cheap labor and coal
Term
Industrial Revolution: causes 2
Definition

Britians population increased dramatically and couldn't meet consumption needs..spurred innovation

Britian was rich in coal and iron ore and had navigible water ways and easy negotiated coasts..located in the cross roads of international trade

 

Term
Bourgeoisie
Definition

owners of factories, mines, large farms and other means of production

- controlled school systems to protect their interests: school was to teach bourgeoisie to accept how things were: 8 political institutions

Term
Proletariat
Definition
working class people who had to sell their labor to survive
Term
Columbian Exchange
Definition

linked old world to new world...has 4 D's

Diet=what was traded

Disease=95% decrease in population bc of the diseases the animals spread

Demographics= Europeans and Native Americans, Africans

Dollars= sugarcane and tobacco lead to transatlantic slave trade which lead to CAPITOLISM (goods produced to generate a profit)

 

Term
Karl Marx
Definition

-viewed humamn history as a history of class conflict

- he was critical of religion 

-saw socioeconomic stratification as a sharp and simple division between two opposed classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat

- CLASS CONSCIENCE: he believed that ppl would revolt and create "UTOPIA" where there was only one class 

 

Term
Keynesian Economics: three principals
Definition

1.) full employment of the nations workersis best way for the economy to grow

2.) Labor Unions are essential to protect worker interests

3.) governement should interfere when necessary to protect workers

Term
proletarianization
Definition
separation of workers from the means of production
Term
Max Weber
Definition

- defined 3 dimentions of social stratification: wealth, power (ones way to define reality), and presitge which he saw as correlated with eachother

- the variables do not always go hand in hand...truck driver makes more money than professor but professor has more prestige

 - ethnicity takes priority over socioeconomic status

-class conflicts tend to occur within nations and prevent class solidarity especially with prolitarians

Term
**Imperialism
Definition
refers to a policy of extending the rule of a country or empire over foreign nations and taking taking and holding foreign colonies
Term
**Colonialism
Definition
political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory
Term
Postcolonial
Definition

the study of interaction between European nations and the societies they colonized after 1800; second half the the 20th century in general..the period succeeding colonialism

- this term may be used to signify a position against imperialismand Eurocentrism

 

Term
Intervention Philosophy
Definition
an idealogical justification for outsiders to guide native peoples in specific directions
Term
Neoliberalism
Definition

current form of the classic economic liberalism laid out in Adam Smith's comunist manifesto

- free economy from the gov't

- Adam Smith: revival of 3 principals of classic capitalism: Laissez Faire economics (no gov't) : Private ownership of industry : Pursuit of maximum profit 

- "Greed is Good"

Term
lower case communism
Definition
social system in which propert is owned by the community and which people work for the common good
Term
upper case Communism
Definition
a political movement and doctrine seeking to over through capitalismand to establish a form of communism as what prevailed in the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1991
Term
Neoliberalism: facts
Definition

- this was dominant from 1930's to 1980's

- NAFTA= north american free trade agreement

- emphasis on foreign investment

- reduction of costs of manufacture:lower wages, decrease size of workforce (do more with less), outsource jobs

- reduction of taxes on businesses

Term
Participant Observation
Definition

- no less than a year

- live among those being studied and try to speak their language, eat their food etc.

Term
advantages of participant observation
Definition

- 1st hand point of view

- eliminate bias toward your society

- better than survey bc see how ppl live

- develop credibility

- VERY DETAILED and descriptive

- people like to read about "real" studies

Term
disadvantages to participant observation
Definition

- time consuming

- rejection

- researcher bias/ interpretation

- funds for research are hard to obtain

- preparation is lengthy

- HIGHLY subjective

- researchers tend to focus on what interests them personally

- culture changes over time

Term
**Culture is...
Definition
gender, social class, religion, nationality, age, generation, peer groups
Term
**Essentialism
Definition

tendency for people to reguard aspects of  culture as fixed, rigid

- in reality need to consider...need to consider history and circumstances that lead to the beliefs and actions

Term
How to tell if you are American:
Definition

- insects are NOT food

- strong court system

- marriage based on love

- require an invite to hangout

- college is 4 years long

 

Term
Does the currewnt U.S. have Neoliberalism or Keynesian Economics?
Definition
It has elements of both!
Term
Industrial Revolution: urbanization
Definition
- urbanization= factories and overcrowding lead to high unemployment, poverty, and crime...diseases and other health issues...this lead to the birth of SOCIOLOGY!
Term
Karl Marx: about him
Definition

-from Germany

-grew up in early to mid 80's

- saw and grew up with his views

Term
First World
Definition
capitolism and western democracy
Term
Second World
Definition
Soviet Union and Allies
Term
Third World
Definition

everyone else

- 1st and 2nd worlds competed for political and economical influences

Term
Communism
Definition

state run economy; people work for "common good"

- "FROM EACH (according to ability) TO EACH(according to need)"

-1917

Term
Communism: 3 features
Definition

1.) Authoritarian- obediance; individual freedom suppressed

2.) Totalitarian- one party state; no political freedom (everyone is communist)

3.) Intentional Movement- communism promoted international brotherhoodfor all communists (protection and safety)

Term
Cold War
Definition
1945 to 1991
Term
SMURFS!!!
Definition
They were secretly communist propaganda...huh OMG!!!
Term
**Why is it important to distinguish between the levels of culture?
Definition

It is most important now because culture is transmitted through learning and therefore are spread through diffusion.

Diffusion, migration, colonialism, and globalization have allowed more and more cultural traits and patterns to join the international level.

Term
**Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
Definition
They are opposites and they affect human rights and anthropological research because...ethnocentrism could bias the researchers interpritation of events...cultural relativism leaves no room for morals incase something like a genocide occurs.
Term
**Forces of Globalization
Definition

-international commerce and finance

- travel and tourism

- transnational migration

- the media

- various high tech information flows

Term
**Globalization: impact on local communities
Definition
The impact of globalization on local communities is that people are now living in different cultures and places at once...they play various social roles, change identity, and change behavior depending on their situation. It takes away from their specific culture and shows that the world is becoming increasingly interdependent and interlinked.  
Term
**British and French Colonialism: similarities 
Definition

- PHASES: both had 2

- EXPANSION: both had substantial business interest in their colonies as well as desiring "glory and prestige"

-TERRITORY: faught over Canada, Louisiana Territory, some caribbean islands, and parts of India... Britian won

- THE RULE: they each developed their own rule that allowed them to implant their culture, language, and religion throughout their colonies (Britian had "the white man's burden and the French had "mission civilisatrice")

- WWII: after world war two, both empires began to disintegrate

Term
**French and British Colonialism: differences
Definition

-EXPANSION: great britian was motivated to grow by profit and the french were motivated by state, church, and armed forces

- COLONIAL RULE: french used two forms of colonial rule: indirect rule- governing through native leaders and establishing political structures; and direct rule- french officials in many areas of Africa

 - LAND: "The sun never sets on the British Empire" it had 1/5 of lands surface and 1/4 of the population

Term
Postcolonial: 3 divisions
Definition

settler countries- larger numbers of eurpoean colonies and fewer native populations (Australia and Canada)

nonsettler countries- had substantial native populations and fewer Europeans- india, pakistan, bangladash, sri lanka, malaysia, indonesia, etc

mixed countries- had significant european settlement and significant native populations- south africa, zimbabwe, Kenya, Algeria

 

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