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any object made/altered by humans
Ex. Pottery, jewelry, baskets, tools |
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preserved remains of plants/animals that lived in the past
Typically the hard parts of an organism (bones, teeth, horns, shells) |
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| place containing remains of past humans activity |
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| the stains that show up on the recently plowed fields that reveal an archaeological site |
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-a place where objects/sites are found in surrounding environments and culture materials
Layers of soil (lower the layer, older the object) |
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| place where fossils are found |
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study of pollens
Based on fossil pollen grains
Pollen gives clues about what kind of vegetation existed at the time
Problem: easy to screw up |
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| a system for recording data from an archaeological excavation |
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| - the starting point of a grid system for which other measurements are taken (point of reference) |
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| a technique used for recovering very tiny objects by immersing of soil samples in water to separate heavy from light particles |
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| Absolute/ Chromatic Dating |
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Definition
| - Determines actual age of object within a range of give or take 120 years through radiocarbon dating, potassium argon, dendrochronology, and amino acid reclamation |
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compares ratio of radioactive 14 c to stable 12c c in organic materials at archaeological sites
(Good to date organic materials up to 50,000 years old) |
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measures ratio of radioactive potassium to argon in volcanic materials associated with human remains
(Half-life of radioactive potassium is 1.3 billion years) |
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based on facts that trees add new growth rings to trunks each year
Compare patterns of preserved growth rings in a site with these of a tree of known age
Only works for wooden objects and 3k years old |
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based on facts that amino acids trapped in the organic materials gradually change after death from left-sided to right-sided forms
Cannot date bones (leaks amino acids into soil)
Ex.Can be used to date ostrich eggs |
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(comparative) Determines age of objects relative to one another
Through stratigraphy, Fluorine analysis, and Palynology |
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| based on law of superposition and lower stratification |
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based on fact that mounds of fluorine in bones are proportional to their age
Only good for dating bones
Problem: valuable by region
Ex. Older bones have more fluorine |
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smallest units of sound that distinguish the meaning of words
Ex. Pin and Tin Tan and Man |
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study of the organization of sounds
No language has all of the possible sounds
Ex. Bach |
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smallest meaningful units of sound
Ex. Cats has 2 morphemes
Morphology- study of word formation and internal structure of words |
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study of sentence formation
All languages have syntactic rules
Ex. Subject verb object |
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study of meaning
Differential meaning/ sociocultural meaning |
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deals with how languages change
Investigates the history of particular languages and deal with relations between languages
Ex. William Jones |
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Reconstruct earlier forms of particular language families
He observed a close similarity between Sanskrit, Greek and Latin
Ex. Matar, mater, and mother |
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| study of relationship between language and culture |
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| Study of the relationship between language and social factors (gender, ethnicity, occupation, class) |
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1. Linguistic determination- language determines the way its speakers view the world
Rejected due to various reasons (bilingualism)
2. Linguistic relativity- language influences its speaker’s world view
Correct. Language puts some limitations on how a person can express their thoughts
Ex. Hopi do not do so, they see time as flowing and continuous (I expect that I go there)
Ex. Amara Indians have 200 words for potatoes |
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| study of non-verbal gestures, facial expressions, body motions and postures that all convey messages |
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- cross-cultural study of use of space in communication
Conveys messages
Ex. Familiar vs. un-familiar |
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the extra linguistic noises that accompany language
Ex. Crying /laughing |
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| - a group w/in a larger society that operates by a distinctive set of standards while sharing certain rules of the dominant society |
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| study of word formation and internal structure of words |
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