Term
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Definition
Agricultural innovation
Diversification of labor
Emergence of central government
Social stratification |
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Definition
Stratified occupations
Archaeological evidence: sizes of dwellings, written documents, grave goods |
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Term
| Emergence of Central government |
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Definition
Monarchies are popular among civilizations
Defends city from enemies, taxes to pay for city work, job security and efficiency
Keeps records, Kings become the head of government |
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Term
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Definition
Some would provide food, other would work as craftsman, artisans etc.
Extensive trade systems (raw materials from other places to sell products)
New knowledge in sciences (astronomy) due to contact with foreign people |
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Term
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Definition
New farming methods (irrigation, canals)
Irrigation systems built in 6000-5000BP
Mayans artificially raised fields in flooded areas to increase crop yields |
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Term
Why did civilizations develop?
Theories |
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Definition
Hydraulic Theory
Trade Network Theory
Circumscription Theory
Religious Theory |
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Term
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Definition
Neolithic farmers (Mesopotamia, Egypt) built reservoirs to collect flood water and then released water into the canals over the fields
Led to more complex irrigation systems
Required a social organization that led to civilization |
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Term
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Definition
Ecologically diverse areas needed some kind of systems to distribute food products
Ex. Mexico |
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Term
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Definition
Civilization develops where population are circumcised by environmental barriers or other societies
Led to social stratification and conflict
Needed a centralized government to ensure social order and control resources |
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Term
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Definition
Proposed to explain the rise of the Mayan civilization
Developed as a means of copying with uncertainties of agriculture
Tikal became religious center
Population growth
Craft specialization to trade network to contact w/ outsiders and ideas
Tikal then became urban settlement |
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Term
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Definition
varies based on the amount of ultraviolet radiation (sunlight) that reaches the earth
Pigment-melanin absorbs UV radiation and keeps it from reaching lower layers more melanin, darker skin) Stronger sunlight or closer to the equator needs darker skin
Ex. Some Africans have lighter skin colors because the carotene absorbs and prevents UV radiation from entering lower skin colors
People in regions with little sunlight will have lighter skin because they need whatever sunlight they can get |
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Term
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Definition
Temperature impacts pressure on humans’ physical structure
Body volume generates and retains heat
People in colder climates tend to benefit from great body bulk and more volume
People in hot climates benefit from long slender bodies’ ex. Maasi and Nuer
Overall small body generate less heat ex. Pygmies |
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Term
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Definition
Early European scholars divided humans into various races based on physical differences (skin color, body size, hair texture)
Race is a biological concept and cannot be applied to human diversity
Race exists as a cultural category in some countries |
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Term
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Definition
Dietary differences affect body shape and clothing helps keep body warm
Cold weather in East Asia: epicanthic eye fold-reduces eye exposure to cold
Flat face and fatty deposits may help to protect the face from frostbite
Nose:
In cold/dry climates you need a more projecting nose (Europe)
In hot/humid areas, flatter nose (East Africa) |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on study of past peoples and cultures through material remains left by ancient humans |
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Term
| What do Archaeologists study? |
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Definition
They study contemporary culture through material remains
Involves finding a site, analyzing/interpreting remains and determining cultures from remains |
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Term
| Techniques to locating a site |
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Definition
1. Finding a site:
Ground surveys- can spot previous human activity through soil marks on vegetation
Aerial surveys- can spot burial on refuse mounds
Ethnohestorical data- maps, documents, folklore may provide clues
Accidental
2. Dig a test pit
3. Prepare for excavation- land is cleared and the places are plotted on a grid system
4. Excavation- record locations and examine
5. Record and number each of the objects found |
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Term
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Definition
| a communication system using sounds on gestures arranged in meaningful ways based on a set of rules |
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Term
| Characteristics of language |
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Definition
Productivity/Creativity
Arbutrances
Displacement
Rule-governed
Multimedia Potential
traditional transmission |
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Term
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Definition
Can produce infinite numbers of novel iterance that can be understood
Can produce infinitely long sentences – open sentences |
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Term
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Definition
No necessary connection between the form and its meaning
Ex. House (English) casa (Spanish)
Exception: onomatopoeia |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to talk about things displaced by time and space |
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Term
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Definition
| How sounds are put together to create word and sentences (they are rule governed) |
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Term
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Definition
| Linguistic messages can be conveyed through a variety of media |
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Term
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Definition
| The potential for using language is biologically based but the specifics are learned |
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Term
| Characteristics of Society |
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Definition
Shared
Learned
Based on Symbols
Integrated
Dnamic
Adapted |
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Term
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Definition
Whatever rules culture has are shared by members of society
How people are going to react in a given situation is predictable to members of that culture
Subculture: a group w/in a larger society that operates by a distinctive set of standards while sharing rules of the dominant culture |
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Term
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Definition
Learned through enculturation
Enculturation- the process through which culture is transmitted from 1 generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
Culture is symbolic
Certain symbols have special meanings to members of a culture beyond the thing itself
Ex. Flag, religious artifacts (cross)
Language is the most important symbol |
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Term
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Definition
Various parts of culture work together
A change in 1 part of culture would affect other parts
Ex. Kapaau (New Guinea) Standards of wealth of pigs – men are not allowed to produce pig food
Polygamy due to economics |
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Term
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Definition
Culture changes
Some are more resistant than others
Change due to environmental factors or innovation of diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
Change practices not biological
Human survival depends on culture
Provides knowledge foods, shelter, clothing, beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
1. Provides for the production/distribution of goods and services necessary for life
2. Provides for member’s biological continuity through reproduction
3. Enculturation new members to become functioning adults
4. Maintains order among members and between them and the outsiders
5. Motivates members to survive and engage in activities necessary for survival |
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